Globalisation and China’s Environmental Problems Essay -- Impact USA o

Is the lifestyle of people in Europe and the USA a major cause of China’s environmental problems? One of China’s best successes has in turn been one of its biggest downfalls. One of the main problems is China’s greatest success which has been its phenomenal economic growth. This is one of the main drivers of the current environmental problems that the country faces. Factories dump pollutants into the air and water. It is difficult to see the Chinese government making the significant sacrifices required to improve their environment if it means slowing down their economic growth. In order to understand why China is in such environmental difficulties we need to understand why the lifestyles of people in Europe and the US could be to blame. The first area to consider is the environmental issues that China is currently suffering with. Once this is established I can assert what impact the US and Europe has in relation to these issues and what actually causes them. In linking the events it will be easier to see the chain of events. To do this I am going to work backwards and understand the issues that exist within China and then secondly what they are a result of. This will give me the background of why China’s environmental issues have become so dire. According to the Worldwatch Institute the rapid industrialization has polluted many lakes and streams resulting in chemical pollution and increased algae blooms leaving the water undrinkable. These combined issues are then causing knock on effects to the aquatic life by staving them of oxygen. Many areas are also suffering with an increase in dust storms; these have been a cause of over agricultural use. These increased storms would not cause many problems but now they can ... ... U.S. Firms driving pollution in China. Web. 16 March 2015 http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0822-wsj.html (accessed 12th April 2011) The Open University (2009) U116 Environment: journeys through a changing world, Block 5, â€Å"Changing China†, Milton Keynes, The Open University China â€Å"Unfairly seen as eco-villain†. Web. 16 March 2015 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8100988.stm Member states of the EU. Web. 16 March 2015 http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/index_en.htm The US-China business council, table 7: China’s top trade partners. Web. 16 March 2015 http://www.uschina.org/statistics/tradetable.html Fast food globalisation, available from http://schoolworkhelper.net/2011/02/fast-food-globalization/ (accessed 19th April 2011) List of countries by population. Web. 16 March 2015 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population

Science Inquiry Essay -- essays research papers

Inquiry 2: Force with varied mass Introduction: In this inquiry the relationship between force and mass was studied. This inquiry presents a question: when mass is increased is the force required to move it at a constant velocity increased, and how large will the increase be? It is obvious that more massive objects takes more force to move but the increase will be either linear or exponential. To hypothesize this point drawing from empirical data is necessary. When pulling an object on the ground it is discovered that to drag a four-kilogram object is not four times harder than dragging a two-kilogram object. I hypothesize that increasing the mass will increase the force needed to move the mass at a constant rate, these increases will have a liner relationship. Materials and Methods: In the experiment these materials were used in the following ways. A piece of Veneer wood was used as the surface to pull the object over. Placed on top of this was a rectangular wood block weighing 0.148-kg (1.45 N/ 9.80 m/s/s). A string was attached to the wood block and then a loop was made at the end of the string so a Newton scale could be attached to determine the force. The block was placed on the Veneer and drug for about 0.6 m at a constant speed to determine the force needed to pull the block at a constant speed. The force was read off of the Newton scale, this was difficult because the scale was in motion pulling the object. To increase the mass weights were placed on the top of the ...

WalMart :: essays papers

WalMart Sam Walton, a leader with an innovative vision, started his own company and made it into the leader in discount retailing that it is today. Through his savvy, and sometimes unusual, business practices, he and his associates led the company forward for thirty years. Today, four years after his death, the company is still growing steadily. Wal-Mart executives continue to rely on many of the traditional goals and philosophies that Sam's legacy left behind, while simultaneously keeping one step ahead of the ever-changing technology and methods of today's fast-paced business environment. The organization has faced, and is still facing, a significant amount of controversy over several different issues; however, none of these have done much more than scrape the exterior of this gigantic operation. The future also looks bright for Wal-Mart, especially if it is able to strike a comfortable balance between increasing its profits and recognizing its social and ethical responsibilities. Why is Wal-Mart so Successful? Is it Good Strategy or Good Strategy Implementation? -- In 1962, when Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart store in Rogers, Arkansas, no one could have ever predicted the enormous success this small-town merchant would have. Sam Walton's talent for discounts retailing not only made Wal-Mart the world's largest retailer, but also the world's number one retailer in sales. Indeed, Wal-Mart was named "Retailer of the Decade" by Discount Store News in 1989, and on several occasions has been included in Fortune's list of the "10 most admired corporations." Even with Walton's death (after a two-year battle with bone cancer) in 1992, Wal-Mart's sales continue to grow significantly. Wal-Mart is successful not only because it makes sound strategic management decisions, but also for its innovative implementation of those strategic decisions. Regarded by many as the entrepreneur of the century, Walton had a reputation for caring about his customers, his employees (or "associates" as he referred to them), and the community. In order to maintain its market position in the discount retail business, Wal-Mart executives continue to adhere to the management guidelines Sam developed. Walton was a man of simple tastes and took a keen interest in people. He believed in three guiding principles: 1. Customer value and service; 2. Partnership with its associates; 3. Community involvement (The Story of Wal-Mart, 1995). WalMart :: essays papers WalMart Sam Walton, a leader with an innovative vision, started his own company and made it into the leader in discount retailing that it is today. Through his savvy, and sometimes unusual, business practices, he and his associates led the company forward for thirty years. Today, four years after his death, the company is still growing steadily. Wal-Mart executives continue to rely on many of the traditional goals and philosophies that Sam's legacy left behind, while simultaneously keeping one step ahead of the ever-changing technology and methods of today's fast-paced business environment. The organization has faced, and is still facing, a significant amount of controversy over several different issues; however, none of these have done much more than scrape the exterior of this gigantic operation. The future also looks bright for Wal-Mart, especially if it is able to strike a comfortable balance between increasing its profits and recognizing its social and ethical responsibilities. Why is Wal-Mart so Successful? Is it Good Strategy or Good Strategy Implementation? -- In 1962, when Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart store in Rogers, Arkansas, no one could have ever predicted the enormous success this small-town merchant would have. Sam Walton's talent for discounts retailing not only made Wal-Mart the world's largest retailer, but also the world's number one retailer in sales. Indeed, Wal-Mart was named "Retailer of the Decade" by Discount Store News in 1989, and on several occasions has been included in Fortune's list of the "10 most admired corporations." Even with Walton's death (after a two-year battle with bone cancer) in 1992, Wal-Mart's sales continue to grow significantly. Wal-Mart is successful not only because it makes sound strategic management decisions, but also for its innovative implementation of those strategic decisions. Regarded by many as the entrepreneur of the century, Walton had a reputation for caring about his customers, his employees (or "associates" as he referred to them), and the community. In order to maintain its market position in the discount retail business, Wal-Mart executives continue to adhere to the management guidelines Sam developed. Walton was a man of simple tastes and took a keen interest in people. He believed in three guiding principles: 1. Customer value and service; 2. Partnership with its associates; 3. Community involvement (The Story of Wal-Mart, 1995).

The Mad Woman in the Attic

In the character of Jane Eyre, Victorian-era women found a relatable everywoman who has been viewed by some as an emblem of early feminist characterizations. An orphaned and self-sufficient woman, moving forward in her life alone, first by abandonment and then by choice, she finds love in Mr. Rochester. However, in a disturbing turn of events she finds he is already married to a mad woman who resides in the attic of Thornfield unbeknownst to Jane and the general public. Fleeing the deceit of Rochester and the fracturing of her dreams of a familial happiness, she finds her own way with the same determination.When her own fortune turns for the better and Rochester’s to the worst she once more embraces him. All makes for a very dramatic and socially telling example of the Gothic novel but what of the madwoman in the attic? Rochester’s insane Bertha, heard only through maniacal laughter and an eerie presence? She creeps around the peripheral of Bronte’s masterpiece a nd though her importance as a device to provide an obstacle in Jane’s otherwise seemingly paradisiacal future cannot be undermined, as a character she is shallow.What little information that is gleaned about the woman is through the biased lips of Rochester. With Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea Bertha reverts to Antoinette, a young white West Indian Creole haunted and troubled by her family’s past and trying to come to terms with her identity of being the colonizer and the colonized or rather as critic Elaine Savory has called this struggle, â€Å"Antoinette’s dual location as oppressor and oppressed† (134). Married to young Edward Rochester, a nameless man in Rhys’ version, her essential self begins to deteriorate under the pressures of gossip and alienation within her marriage.Through the three parts of the novel, Rhys attempts to tell the story behind the story; her tale weaving between the blanks in Bronte’s Jane Eyre to give voice t o Antoinette. With Rhys tale, the reader gains insight into the complexities of human relationships based on greed and the effects of the colonial structure on not only the oppressed but also the oppressor. Bronte’s tale of romance is contrasted and given more depth with Rhys examination of the debasement and enslavement of Antoinette by colonial society, a conquering husband, and the prison of her mind.Rochester is also recast, young and full of doubt and anger; in Rhys depiction we can see in him the strange and dark middle-aged man of Jane Eyre. In the similar backgrounds of Jane and Antoinette, the reader can see an overlapping of these two characters into a single woman both taking different paths but holding the hand of the same man. One thrown into hell and the other finding her salvation. With overlapping motifs and characters, Wide Sargasso Sea and Jane Eyre become complimentary pieces each lending meaning to the other.The chronology of the novels, both individually and taken as complimentary texts, is interesting in respect to the placement of the characters within their individual societies. In Charlotte’s Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Jane’s narrative follows a generally linear path from when the reader first meets her as a ward of the Reed’s to her eventual reunion with Mr. Rochester. Jane’s life is enmeshed in the social protocol of her time and dependent on the whim of others, she is thrown away only to find her strength and singularity in hardship.Her story is largely peopled with Rochester and the other persons residing at Thornfield, while Wide Sargasso Sea provides a frame around and through Jane’s tale using only relevant characters from the original text. The three parts of Rhys’ book are positioned around and throughout Jane Eyre’s chronology of events. Middle-aged when he meets Jane, Rochester is only a young man in Wide Sargasso Sea whose still living brother and father have cast thei r net (Edward) to the islands of the West Indies to see what riches they can attain.Antoinette and Edward Rochester’s story, in respect to Jane Eyre, takes place largely before Jane was born except for the third part which commences in the fire at Thornfield. The three parts of Rhys’ book are divided between Antoinette’s early life and childhood, Rochester‘s story, and Antoinette’s rambling from her attic prison. The first allows for an understanding of the characters of Antoinette and Rochester as products and victims of imperialism.With the Emancipation came an end to slavery but also brought a new era of profiteering and exploitation. At the center is Antoinette, her family having lost everything with the emancipation including the little respect and social placement they had once held. Her mother’s marriage to Mr. Mason provided little reprieve as the seeds of hate had been heartily sown. However, Mr. Mason presented a new context for the hatred directed at Annette and Antoinette, a role that briefly would be overtaken by Richard Mason and finally in Edward Rochester.As Veronica Marie Gregg notes, â€Å"Mr. Mason represents a new breed of English merchants and imperialists who still seek to dominate the economic life of the colonies and to coerce the labor force into working to ensure their wealth, even after plantation slavery has formally ended† (91). The people know of his wealth and are not ignorant to profits he has made from the collapse of the system of slavery which left them third class citizens and deeply impoverished despite their freedom.With her marriage to Rochester, which is told in the second part and picks up a short time after her own first part ends, Antoinette discovers her own uncertain place not only in the limited society of the West Indies that she will always belong to while never really belonging but also in the eyes of her opportunistic husband. In part two, Rhys lays the groundwork for Antoinette’s later complete deterioration by showing the hatred and distrust of Rochester. Almost the whole of Jane Eyre could fit in the gap in years that is seen between parts two and three.Jane is born, orphaned, cast aside, educated all within this space. Antoinette’s jumbled narrative in part three illustrates the effects of Rochester’s hatred and indifference, and the maddening effect of her imprisonment. There is no mention of Jane as Antoinette’s world does not exist outside the small room that is her prison. The house around her is an unreal concept and its inhabitants figure little into her life as her struggle has now become completely internalized.As Elaine Savory explains in examining the lack of Antoinette’s grip on the reality of her prison, â€Å"An absence of attachment can be so severe that it makes the place seem unreal, as in the case of the house in England in which Antoinette is imprisoned† (Savory 142). Though we don’t see or hear of Jane in Rhys’ text, in taking Jane Eyre as the complimentary text it is a given that Jane is in the background of this third part just as Bertha/Antoinette exists largely outside Jane’s own tale.The two texts can easily be interwoven to provide insight where once there was none but the question remains if this was Rhys’s true intention. In both stories, we see signifiers of the times. In Wide Sargasso Sea, the story takes place within the context of the West Indies in the 1830s and 1840s, following the Emancipation Act in 1833 (Gregg 83). In Jane Eyre, the signifiers are more subtle but still present. Towards the ending of Jane Eyre, Jane is given the newly published book Marmion which was published in 1808 (83).By this relation of dates, the two texts cannot be connected chronologically because according to the dating of the stories, Antoinette, the first Mrs. Rochester, would have not even been born when Jane, the second Mrs. Roches ter, is hearing her laughing like a loon from the attic. These subtle differences in dates call to question Rhys decision to relocate the overall tale decades into the future and the intention of these discrepancies. Her intention appears to be not to change the eventual story of Jane Eyre but rather to provide a different context for the reading of Wide Sargasso Sea.Rhys was fully aware of the problems in depicting her Antoinette within the context of Bronte’s mad Bertha, The West Indies was †¦ rich in those days for those days †¦ The girls [West Indian Creole women who married Englishmen] †¦ would soon once in kind England be Address Unknown. So gossip. So a legend. If Charlotte Bronte took her horrible Bertha from this legend I have the right to take lost Antoinette. And, how to reconcile the two and fix dates I do not know — yet. But, I will† (qtd. In Gregg 83).Rhys redefines Antoinette’s basic struggle through this relocation in time, f raming the tale within a context, that as Veronica Marie Gregg notes, â€Å"seeks to articulate the subjective and locational identity of the West Indian Creole of the post slavery period†(83). Antoinette’s madness then becomes not a hereditary trait aggravated by alcoholism and promiscuity but a result of historical and social distinctions defining her as an Other, â€Å"Not quite English and not quite â€Å"native,† Rhys’s Creole woman straddles the embattled divide between human and savage, core and periphery, self and other† (Ciolkowski 340).That history supports this characterization is no accident, Rhys used the â€Å"legend† loosely applied to Jane Eyre by Bronte and expanded it to the exploration of a single woman. As Rhys noted in a letter to a friend, â€Å"very wealthy planters did exist their daughters had very large dowries, there was no married woman’s property act. So, a young man who was not too scrupulous could do ve ry well for himself and very easily. He would marry the girl, grab her money, bring her to England [†¦] and in a year she would be [†¦] mad† (qtd.In Gregg 84). While Bronte chose to use class and gender as a center for her story of Jane, Rhys uses the characters of Antoinette and Edward Rochester to illustrate the broader effects of colonialism. Antoinette is the primary character explored and expanded upon in Wide Sargasso Sea, it is her character that spurned Rhys to write the text. Rhys notes in a letter to Selma Vas Diaz in 1958, â€Å"The Creole in Charlotte Bronte’s novel is a lay figure – repulsive which does not matter, and not once alive which does.She’s necessary to the plot, but always she shrieks, howls, laughs horribly, attacks all and sundry – off stage. For me †¦ she must be right on stage† (qtd. In Gregg 82). In Bronte’s text, Antoinette is Bertha, and is as Rhys notes a shallow character revealed more fo r her usefulness in the larger context of Jane’s life decisions than an independent character with distinct traits and history. The little information we learn about Bertha in Jane Eyre is through the dialogue of Edward Rochester and Jane’s visual and auditory perceptions.In Wide Sargasso Sea, the story of Antoinette’s early life and circumstances are explored so that we can more fully understand the events which led to her eventual decline into insanity while also viewing the larger concept of cultural disintegration. The novel begins with the first part of Antoinette’s story and the stage is immediately set to show the class and racial issues particular to their experience of post emancipation and the new intrusiveness of colonialism, â€Å"They say when trouble comes close ranks, and so the white people did.But we were not in their ranks† (Rhys 17). From the onset, Rhys establishes Antoinette as an outsider. Though she is white, she and her fami ly are not considered part of white society due to her mother’s French Creole heritage. In Rhys delving into the depths of Bertha’s logic in madness and destructiveness, we find the reasons behind the shrieks and moans and fire that burns through Thornfield in Bronte’s rendition. The crazy mother Rochester describes to Jane as the root of Bertha’s own illness is rendered as a broken and ostracized woman in her inherited homeland.After the death of her husband and fall of the old plantation system, Annette Cosway is not only left to raise her two children alone but is kept separate from the support of the white class system which views her as an outsider, â€Å"part of the hostility toward Annette stems from her being a French West Indian Woman in a British West Indian colony. This alludes to the centuries-long feud between the French and the English in the Eastern Caribbean† (Gregg 85). Unlike the British West Indian women, Annette came from Martin ique as a trophy wife for old Mr.Cosway. It is not so much his death that she mourns in the first section of the Wide Sargasso Sea but instead the end of the society that he represented. The collapse of this society rewrote the rules of race relations and class distinctions, since as Gregg explains â€Å"The racial superiority of the whites depends upon the economic ascendancy achieved by unpaid black labor. Without money, Antoinette’s family become niggers, isolated from the rest of white society† (89).Antoinette excuses her mother’s preoccupation with this change because of her youth and inexperience with a world that was any different than the established plantation society, â€Å"She was young. How could she not try for all the things that had gone so suddenly, so without warning† (Rhys 18). However, while Antoinette is able to find reason in her mother’s psychological collapse, it gives the community outside of the walls of Coulibiri a chance to begin talking.It is here that we see the beginning seeds of the gossip of madness that would later reach Rochester’s ears via Daniel Cosway. It was not only Annette who was effected by the West Indian constructs of race and class, before the Emancipation and after but also all those touched by the enterprises comprising the economic structure, â€Å"All human relationships are marked by slavery and the plantation society, and all are constructed, for the most part, within these parameters.Christophine, we are reminded, was a wedding gift to Annette† (Gregg 86). † In this world, people are property, to be bought and sold, to be tied irreparably to their oppressors even when that oppressor is themselves. Annette’s isolation is partly her own, she keeps herself sequestered and silent from the abuse that is hurled and directed at her family from the blacks and whites. Black society is much more forward in their feelings, while white society speaks softly an d when they think no one is listening.Antoinette sensed the animosity from the whites and was confronted daily with that of the blacks, â€Å"I never looked at any strange negro. They hated us. They called us white cockroaches† (Rhys 23). Elaine Savory in her examination of the politics of a racially charged society observes, â€Å"Displacement is a strong theme in the novel in relation to major characters such as Antoinette, her husband and Christophe [†¦. ] But substantial displacement across racial and class lines severely affects coherent self-definition.Antoinette finds herself called white cockroach by black people, yet she has no place in white culture either† (139). † At the center of Antoinette’s feelings of alienation is not only her relations with the other locals but also the lack of love she feels from her mother, â€Å"Rhys establishes a world in which everything rests on problematic and strained relationships: between people of differe nt nationalities, race, languages, classes, against which the struggle to maintain connection even within a family can seem puny and defeated† (Savory 136).Annette is distant from her daughter as she turns away from the outside world in the decaying of Coulibiri and she remains at a remove even as she shows more interest in Antoinette imminent social position or lack thereof. First exposed to the renewed society, Antoinette’s shabby dress makes her consciously aware of only her mother’s judging eyes, â€Å"All that evening my mother didn’t speak to me or look at me and I thought ‘She is ashamed of me’†(Rhys 26). The judgment Antoinette feels from her mother seems, in light of her later fate, more a look of calculated understanding.Annette understood from firsthand knowledge the path her daughter’s life would inevitably take, â€Å"Both women’s marriages are based on the economy of the slavery and post slavery societies, w ith their bodies as a site of negotiation in this economy† (Gregg 97). The shame Antoinette imagines in her mother’s eyes is really the cool assessment knowing that her daughter will be judged as property, enslaved in marriage. The fire at Coulibiri provides a closure to Antoinette’s jaded childhood, â€Å"When they had finished, there would be nothing left but blackened walls and the mounting stone.That was always left† (Rhys 45). The â€Å"they† in Antoinette’s narrative is the disenfranchised and angry black mob aggravated by the new elevation of their previous oppressors and a fear over the loss of work with the importation of foreign and indentured labor. As Veronica Marie Gregg explains, This intensely charged episode [†¦] emblematizes the post slavery disputes about labor conditions between the plutocracy and the working people in the West Indies.In this historical moment, the ruling class, in order to secure its socioeconomic pos ition and to control labor, sees punitive and coercive measures such as immigration and Asian indentureship as a viable response to the â€Å"laziness† of the African people. The freedpersons respond with material violence as part of their viable means of struggle and resistance at this point† (Gregg 95). The individuals of the mob form into a solid image in Antoinette’s selective sight, â€Å"They all looked the same, it was the same face over and over† (Rhys 42).The episode reinforces Antoinette’s feeling of alienation and also solidifies the division between mother and daughter, as Annette finally descends completely into alcoholism and insanity. Worn out and beaten by the death of Pierre and the willful destruction of her home exemplified by her beloved parrot, she surrenders to her pain. Antoinette is at once orphaned completely, her stepfather serving on an absentee basis but still retaining guilt and thereby trying to secure Antoinetteâ€℠¢s future.It is interesting to note the similarities in the lives of Antoinette and Jane during the periods of their lives when they were both housed in charity house or convent. Both still have living relatives but find themselves living independently of familial love and guidance and both are able to develop relationships which seems, particularly in Antoinette’s case, in a much lighter tone than her previous interactions. Her friendships are far more equal, as the other young ladies at the convent are all white and themselves of upper class descendency.Like Jane Eyre who finds her first examples of friendship as a charity ward where class distinctions do not exist as there is only one class, unwanted, Antoinette finds a similar niche, where she â€Å"soon forgot about happiness† (Rhys 56) and simply lived. It seems a contradiction to find comfort where there is no happiness but for Antoinette whose life has been at the mercy of emotion, the lack of it would seem a r elief. For both women, this time period of their lives was the one in which they had the most ease. In Jane Eyre, Jane experiences few of the belittling feelings directed at her by the Reeds.After the death of Helen Burns, there is nothing else until Jane decides to leave Lowood, â€Å"I am only bound to invoke memory where I know her responses will possess some degree of interest; therefore I now pass a space of eight years almost in silence† (Bronte 77). Similarly, there is little of Antoinette’s life except the convent where â€Å"Everything was brightness, or dark† (Rhys 57). There is a difference though in their views of their time spent secluded from the outside world. For Jane, Lowood is a temporary stop, a school and a home. For Antoinette the convent provides a solution to the outside world and not simply a new home.In the predictability she has found solace, if not happiness, in the mundane routines. However, Antoinette knows that the refuge she has be en allowed in the convent is only temporary, sensing the fate her mother had seen in her from the day she was born a girl. She is not only a daughter to Mr. Mason or a sister to Richard Mason, she is an asset with her beauty and upper class distinction. In her final meeting with Mr. Mason at the convent, she senses her future and is frightened anew, It may have been the way he smiled, but again a feeling of dismay, sadness, loss, almost choked me [†¦] It was like that morning when I found the dead horse.Say nothing and it may not be true [†¦] The girls were very curious but I would not answer their questions and for the first time I resented the nuns’ cheerful faces. They are safe. How can they know what it can be like outside? (59). She has learned from the example of her mother that the security Mr. Mason envisions for her is not a security against the uncertainties and animosities of the outside world she has so far experienced. As a sensitive child, she ascertai ned what it was to belong to the upper class, and knows that despite marriage or perceived respectability she will always be at the mercy of another‘s will.As a woman she is destined for either the convent or marriage, understanding what marriage will mean she prefers the convent. While later she fights against the imprisonment of Rochester, it seems only because she has come to an understanding of a third alternative which is freedom from either, first hinted at by her Aunt Cora. That Antoinette only realizes her freedom through her own death brings her initial fear full circle, â€Å"Her fortune and her beauty make her a prized possession for him, an easy way to acquire his status as an â€Å"independent† gentleman† (Kendrik 236).When he realizes that he cannot attain this status through Antoinette he turns against her. The embodiment of Antoinette’s fear lies in Edward Rochester, seemingly different from Bronte’s romantic hero but really an exten sion of his character, â€Å"not so much a wholesale revision of Bronte’s existing creation as a reillumination and reemphasization of aspects that are present, though perhaps not stressed, in the Rochester of Jane Eyre† (Kendrik 239).Unlike Antoinette, he plays an integral part in both Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea. Bronte’s Rochester is a middle-aged man, cynical and lacking the attractiveness that would usually be found in a romantic hero. It is this lack of attractiveness that allows Jane to feel proper in first speaking with him, â€Å"Had he been a handsome, heroic looking young gentleman, I should not have dared to stand thus questioning him against his will, and offering my services unasked† (Bronte 105).With Jane, Rochester is proud, jaded, inquisitive and crassly gentle; he is at once attracted to and inclined to suppress her independent streak but â€Å"Jane’s ambiguous class status as a Governess prevents her from being an adequate m irror for Edward† (Kendrik 240). They are able to overcome this class distinction only through Rochester’s loss of property and face and Jane’s own inheritance. The largest distinctions between the Rhys and Bronte’s Edward Rochester lies in experience and the women of their lives.With Jane, Bronte’s Rochester has a puritanically astute woman whose will largely matches his own strength of character but whose properness largely outweighs any true acts of rebellion. As Terry Eagleton notes in his Marxist exploration of Jane Eyre, Bronte’s â€Å"protagonists are an extraordinary contradictory amalgam of smouldering rebelliousness and prim conventionalism, gushing Romantic fantasy and canny hard-headedness, quivering sensitivity, and blunt rationality. It is, in fact, a contradiction closely related to their roles as governesses or private tutors† (Eagleton 30).Jane’s contradictions are largely predictable, Antoinette’s he dis covers are not of any kind he has known. Rhys turns back the clock on middle-aged Rochester to reveal the personality and actions of a much younger, much angrier man. As Elaine Savory explains, Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea â€Å"not only privileges the Caribbean but does a great deal to move Rochester out of the realm of the Gothic romance and explain his capacity for cruelty† (133). In part two of Rhys’s text Rochester is left intentionally nameless (Rhys qtd.In Gregg 100), as Gregg explains, â€Å"His entrance in the novel is a beginning with no introduction [†¦] no thematic preparation or signal to the reader. This is an inscription of the structural origins of the narrative and history of imperial Europe, which designates the West Indies as a blank space on which to inscribe the desires of European man† (100). From the onset his acquiring of Antoinette is that of the conqueror, their marriage is no love story but an arrangement made between Richard M ason and Rochester’s father and brother.Given this understanding, the opening lines of part two, which could be read as a description of courtship take on a darker meaning, â€Å"So it was all over, the advance and retreat, the doubts and hesitations†(Rhys 65). In these lines we see not the mild flirtations of two young people but rather a hunter tracking its prey. In the beginning of their marriage it is notable that Rochester was not always seemingly against Antoinette but at first envisioned a real future with her despite her appearance of foreignness. On the road to Granbois he observes, â€Å"She smiled at me.It was the first time I had seen her smile simply and naturally. Or perhaps it was the first time I had felt simple and natural with her [†¦] Looking up smiling, she might have been any pretty English girl† (Rhys 71). He attempts to draw parallels between the alien West Indian landscape and his own country, â€Å"Next time she spoke she said, â⠂¬ËœThe earth is red here, do you notice? ’/ ‘It’s red in parts of England too’† (Rhys 71). By drawing this comparison he is at once dismissing Antoinette but also trying to locate himself within the larger world he finds himself.Though it is not addressed, it is most likely that young Rochester has little experience with the world outside of England and no concept from which to draw on in the landscape and people that he now finds himself surrounded by. He is deeply aware of the fact that his betrothal was not his own choice but is nonetheless pleased from a collector’s standpoint in the beauty and seeming malleability of his new wife, â€Å"She spoke hesitantly as if she expected me to refuse, so it was easy to do so† (Rhys 67). He asserts his dominance, even as the circumstances of his being â€Å"bought† undermine any goodwill.Even from the beginning his feelings are unstable, â€Å"I have sold my soul or you have sold it, a nd after all is it such a bad bargain? The girl is thought to be beautiful, she is beautiful. And yet †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (70). There is no chance for happiness to grow from this doubt because even as Rochester moves forward he holds himself back out of a sense of Englishness, â€Å"in Wide Sargasso Sea he is the immediate manifestation and enforcer of the network of patriarchal codes (sexism, colonialism, the English Law, and the â€Å"law† which demarcates and creates sanity and insanity)† (Kendrik 235).Antoinette does not fit into the definition of any discourse Rochester understands and is therefore permanently located outside of Rochester’s feelings of self. During this beginning section of part two, we see one of Rhys subtle correlation to Bronte’s Jane Eyre. It is with this and other small concessions that Rhys connects the two texts in more than simply character names and geography. In his first days at Granbois, Rochester sits on the veranda with Anto inette making observations on the wilderness around them, in particular taking notice of a moth alighting by their candle,A large moth, so large that I thought it was a bird, blundered into one of the candles, put it out and fell to the floor. [†¦] I took the beautiful creature up in my handkerchief and put it on the railing. For a moment it was still and by the dim candlelight I could see the soft brilliant colours, the intricate pattern on the wings. I shook the handkerchief gently and it flew away (Rhys 81).In Jane Eyre, Bronte’s Rochester while on a walk with Jane draws her attention to a moth’s wings, â€Å"’Look at his wings,† he said, ‘he reminds me rather of a West Indian insect; one does not often see so large and gay a night-rover in England’† (Bronte 220). By including details on the moth in her telling of Rochester’s early life, Rhys draws a subtle thread connecting the older and the younger experience and memori es. He becomes a continuous character, present in both manifestations. Though the West Indian landscape harbors fond memories, it also embodies Rochester’s doubts and growing hostility towards Antoinette.In the brilliantly colored flowers and trees, the exotic scents, and unknown regions of the island‘s geography, Rochester finds a metaphor for his new wife’s inaccessibility, â€Å"he has come to hate this landscape, because it signifies his wife and his failure to reach her, even to overpower or control her† (Savory 144). Like Antoinette, he cannot deny its beauty but also like his wife he cannot reconcile this type of beauty with his previous experience and knowledge, â€Å"It was a beautiful place – wild, untouched, above all untouched, with an alien, disturbing, secret.I’d find myself thinking, ‘What I see is nothing – I want what it hides – that is not nothing† (Rhys 87). In describing Antoinette, he is similar ly disturbed, â€Å"She never blinks at all it seems to me. Long, sad, dark alien eyes. Creole of pure English descent she may be, but they are not English or European either† (Rhys 67). He finds himself as unable to penetrate the unknown about her as he is the landscape. In his lust for Antoinette he makes his only connection and breaks down the barrier with which she has sought to protect herself, â€Å"Very soon she was as eager for what’s called loving as I was – more lost and drowned afterwards†(Rhys 92).Like Jane when questioning Rochester on how he will feel about her independence after the newness of the marriage has worn off, Antoinette is beset with doubts on her husband’s true feelings toward her, â€Å"If one day you didn’t wish it. What should I do then? Suppose you took this happiness away when I wasn’t looking†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Rhys 92). In this exchange Rhys draws another connection between the past and the futur e Edward Rochester. His similar conversation with Jane, though less emotionally fraught than his dialogue with Antoinette, brings into question his dominance,For a little while you will perhaps be as you are now, – a very little while; and then you will turn cool; and then you will be capricious; and then you will be stern, and I shall have much ado to please you: but then you will be well used to me, you will perhaps like me again, – like me, I say, not love me. I suppose your love will effervesce in six months, or less (Bronte 229). In this conversation, Jane senses that Rochester’s love and admiration are fickle in nature, â€Å"Jane has doubts about Rochester the husband even before she learns about Bertha.In her world, she senses, even the equality of love between true minds leads to the inequalities and minor despotisms of marriage† (Moglen 82). Antoinette discovers this through her own experience with him. Though Antoinette brought wealth to the un ion, in doing so she forfeited that wealth, since by English law it becomes her husband’s alone. Resigned to this, she lets down her guard and allows herself to love and lust after the man who becomes first her tormentor and finally her jailer. Jane Eyre knows a slightly different Rochester, less inclined to passion, but still fears for her own independence in a union under English law.She knows that legally she will become the subordinate of her husband but Jane’s nature prevents her from willingly giving into this precept. Without fortune of her own, Jane does not run the same risk as Antoinette but nor does she hold to same status socially, â€Å"as a younger son of the gentry, has suffered at the hands of social convention and so like Jane has a history of deprivation; but unlike her he has achieved worldly success, buts a glamorous figure in county society, and so blends social desirability with a spice of thwarted passion and an underdog past (Eagleton 34).With this combination of traits so at odds with Jane’s own plainness it is easy to see the basis of her doubts. Just as Edward Rochester came to resent Antoinette for the society she represented and the wealth that bought, so also could he come to resent Jane for her lack of either class status or money.

The Consequences Of Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

The job of clime alteration affects the full universe and this is one of the major planetary jobs. The impacts of clime alteration are diverse and could be damaging to one million millions of people across the universe, peculiarly those in developing states, who are the most vulnerable. Many of the effects of clime alteration will hold negative economic effects. The figure of terrible conditions events, for illustration, is likely to increase and escalate as a consequence of clime alteration, which could ensue in one million millions of dollars in economic harm yearly. Climate alteration refers to an addition in mean planetary temperatures. Natural events and human activities are believed to be lending to an addition in mean planetary temperatures. This is caused chiefly by the addition of â€Å" nursery † gases such as Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) . The rise of planetary temperatures have been accompanied by alterations in conditions and clime. We can see many negative effects of c lime alteration such as oceans warming and going more acidic, ice caps runing and sea degrees lifting. Recently, human activities have released big sums of C dioxide and other nursery gases into the ambiance. The nursery gases effects come from the combustion of fossil fuels to bring forth energy. Furthermore, deforestation, industrial procedures and some agricultural patterns besides emit gases into the ambiance which contributes a batch of negative effects to our nature. Harmonizing to the US bureau, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) ( 2010 ) , there are seven indexs which show an addition in a heating universe which are troposphere temperature, humidness, temperature over oceans, sea surface temperature, sea degrees, ocean heat content and temperature over land. In contrary, there are three indexs that result in the decreasing of temperature which are sea ice, glaciers and snow screen. Climate alteration contributes a batch of negative effects because o f the addition in planetary temperature which leads to the thaw of ice, effects on agribusiness and alterations in conditions forms. First of wholly, the effects of planetary heating and clime alteration can be black. In fact, world have already witnessed and keeps witnessing negative effects of planetary heating. Climate alteration occurs due to increase of planetary temperature. Global heating caused by air pollution is increasing the sum of C gases, besides known as nursery gases in the Earth ‘s ambiance. The termA greenhouseA is used in concurrence with the phenomenon known as the nursery consequence. Energy from the Sun drives the Earth ‘s conditions and clime, and heats the Earth ‘s surface. In bend, the Earth radiates energy back into infinite. These gases are hence known as nursery gases. The nursery consequence is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the ambiance trap energy. Greenhouse gases act like a cover around Earth, pin downing energy in the ambiance and doing it to warm up. This phenomenon is called the nursery consequence and is natural and necessary to back up l ife on Earth. However, the physique up of nursery gases can alter Earth ‘s clime and consequence in unsafe effects to human wellness and public assistance and to ecosystems. Harmonizing to Anup Shah ( 2012 ) , six chief nursery gases are carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane ( CH4 ) ( which is 20 times as potent a nursery gas as C dioxide ) and azotic oxide ( N2O ) , plus three fluorinated industrial gases: hydro fluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , per fluorocarbons ( PFCs ) and sulphur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) . Water vapor is besides considered a nursery gas. Greenhouse effects besides have positive effects because without them, heat would get away back into infinite and the Earth ‘s mean temperature would be a batch colder. However, if the nursery consequence becomes stronger, so Earth might no longer be suited for worlds, animate beings and workss to populate in. Human activity has caused an instability in the natural rhythm of the nursery consequence and related procedures. As a conseq uence, the ice caps start to run and increase the sea degree might finally submerge some little islands and gnaw the surface of the mainland. The addition in planetary temperatures leads to the thaw of the snow screen and glaciers in mountains and both poles. If the glaciers melt, the sea degrees will besides lift. Initially, the rise in sea degree would increase merely by an inch or two. But even a modest rise in sea degrees could do deluging jobs for the houses, workss and edifices that are situated in the low-lying countries. There has been much concern about the possibility that planetary heating will do the polar ice caps to run and deluge many coastal metropoliss. In short, if both polar ice caps melted, sea degree would so raise plenty to deluge many coastal countries and alter the universe ‘s coastlines. Furthermore, climate alteration gives a batch of negative effects on agribusiness. The high temperature of the Earth causes the fertile lands to go wastes and unsuitable for agricultural activities. Harmonizing to NOAA ( 2010 ) , climate alteration affects agribusiness on dirt procedures, harvests and grasslands and farm animal. First, effects on dirt procedure. The possible for dirts to back up agribusiness and distribution of land usage will be influenced by alterations in dirt H2O balance. It will increase in soil H2O shortages, for illustration dry soils become even drier. The increased demand for irrigation could better dirt workability in wetting agent parts and diminish poaching and eroding hazard. Second, effects on harvests. The effects of increased temperature and CO2 degrees on arable harvests are more susceptible to altering conditions and field veggies will be peculiarly affected by temperature alterations and H2O shortages will straight impact fruit and vegetable produc tion. Last, there are effects on the grasslands and unrecorded stock. Poultry and unrecorded stock could be exposed to higher incidences of heat emphasis therefore act uponing productiveness. It will increase in disease transmittal by faster growing rates of pathogens in the environment. Therefore, we have to unify in happening positive solutions for these immediate jobs. On the other manus, extreme conditions forms may go more common. The rise of mean temperature produce a variable clime alteration. There are many critical effects of utmost conditions forms such as windstorms, heat moving ridges or drouths, storms with utmost rain or snow and dust storms. Harmonizing to George E. Mash ( 2000 ) , utmost conditions caused by C dioxide ( CO2 ) from autos, industries and power workss, trap heat near the Earth ‘s surface. More heat means more energy. Adding so much energy to the ambiance creates the potency for more extremes. Washington occupants experienced conditions extremes in the autumn of 2006. First, record rains churned up rivers and caused landslides and inundations around Western Washington. Then, as the H2O began to unclutter, a record cold with ice and snowfall paralytic parts of the west side of the province. That was closely followed by record gale force air currents, 14 deceases, extended belongings harm, and yearss of power outages f or 1 million places and concerns in Washington. Climatologists say utmost conditions events will go more common as our clime heats up. In add-on, drouths can impact us on less summer H2O for farms, metropoliss and woods. Worlds, animate beings and workss can non populate with limited H2O supplies. In that instance, we will hunger for H2O if the drouths maintain go oning. Besides, irrigation will be less due to earlier high river flows and diminishing dirt wet. Furthermore, less H2O for metropolis municipal H2O beginnings will impact industries, concerns and householders. With a 3.6 grade heating, drouths will happen more often. To forestall from non holding adequate H2O supplies, we must take safeguard stairss to forestall it from happens. Conservation patterns can assist cut down demand for H2O. Municipalities and irrigation territories need to seek new storage countries to flush out the flow and demand for H2O. If inundations become more utmost and frequently occur, warmer tempera tures result in more winter precipitation falling as rain instead than snow throughout much of the Pacific Northwest. This alteration will ensue in higher winter watercourse flows with more inundations, less winter snow accretion and earlier spring snowmelt. In contrast to more rain when we do n't necessitate it, there will be less H2O when we do necessitate it. Significant decreases in summer watercourse flow will adversely impact husbandmans who rely on irrigation, occupant and summertime hydropower production. These alterations are likely to increase bing struggles among viing H2O users, made worse by a regional population addition. In decision, we must united and collaborate with each other in order to salvage our female parent nature from the addition in planetary temperature and changing of conditions forms that are progressively widespread. We must take safeguards in order to protect our Earth from utmost clime alteration. There are assorted effects due to climate alteration such as the snow runing in the Arctic is increasing, lifting sea degrees, shriveling land size, natural catastrophes such as inundations, drouths and forest fires and increasing wellness job and affects on cosmopolitan life affect the end product of agricultural merchandises. Therefore, we must take safeguards in order to forestall clime alteration. Among the steps that should be implemented to turn to clime alteration is holding an consciousness run on environmental attention. In add-on, the usage of eco-friendly energy beginnings should be given precedence. Education about the environment should be emphasized in school and environmenta l instruction is besides of import to the older coevals is implemented as a few of them are merely concerned with wealth and net income entirely. Furthermore, information about the effects caused by clime alteration and the impact of environmental pollution should be widely disseminated in assorted ways. The governments should make research diligently on how to cut down planetary heating. Reforestation and recycling plans besides must be done instantly. We must cut down C monoxide emanations by cut downing the usage of private vehicles. By taking a assortment of safeguards, our Earth will be safe from the menace of clime alteration.

What does chapter one of “The Spire” reveal about Jocelin and his attitude to other people?

How does Golding's language reveal the extent to which he deceives himself? The first chapter of William Golding's novel â€Å"The Spire† reveals much about Jocelin's attitude to the people around him and also the contrary view that others hold about it. The language Golding uses highlights Jocelin's delusions and shows the reader just how much he deceives himself. Throughout the first chapter we are introduced to many of the people that Jocelin encounters on a daily basis. One of the first characters to appear is Goody Pangall, who Jocelin views as his ‘daughter in God'. This phrase shows how much Jocelin admires Goody and, at first, appears to simply demonstrate more of Jocelin's loving nature. However, after reading the following paragraph where he watches her walking away from him ‘with love and a little disappointment', it becomes clear that the sentence holds more meaning than just showing his fondness. It shows up Jocelin's somewhat obsessive character, suggesting he views Goody as being flawless and that he has idealised her to the point where he can imagine her as God's daughter. As Jocelin thinks ‘my daughter' it becomes apparent that he has deceived himself into thinking that he loves Goody as if she were just his daughter but Golding makes it clear to the reader that this is not true. As the paragraph continues it is revealed just how much Jocelin is infatuated with Goody for example, when she does not follow the same routine as usual, he has to ‘glimpse the long, sweet face' as she turns away from him. Golding's use of the word ‘glimpse' suggests that Jocelin is purposely looking out for her ‘sweet face'. Golding repeats this word later in the paragraph ‘got a glimpse of green dress', this too implies that Jocelin is trying to see more of Goody. The fact that Golding has given Goody Pangall a ‘green dress' under her ‘grey cloak' and ‘wimple' makes her more of a distraction for Jocelin and it give the impression that he waits each day to catch a ‘glimpse' of her exotic, colourful interior under her seemingly plain, dull exterior. It also shows the reader that Jocelin is looking at Goody with a masculine gaze, trying to see her passionate side instead of the pure and obliging woman that she must present to society. During the first chapter Goody Pangall is only referred to as ‘Pangall's wife'. Withholding her name allows Golding to deny Goody her own identity and personality, turning her into a possession rather than an individual person. As Jocelin thinks of her as ‘Pangall's wife' it may be that he is trying to remind himself that she is married and the fact Jocelin feels the need to remind himself that she is married and that he cannot have her shows that he does not love her solely as a ‘daughter'. A reason the Jocelin is so attracted to Goody Pangall is that she is quiet and she knows her place in society as, at the time the novel is set, society is extremely patriarchal. This is emphasised by Jocelin's thought that Goody ‘is entirely woman' solely because of what he calls ‘foolish' ‘childish curiosity'. This language shows that he recognises her ‘foolish' ways as only applicable to women, if he was to show any curiosity it would not be classed as ‘foolish' as he would, as a man, have a legitimate reason for it. Although Jocelin recognises her ‘folly' he does not reprimand her, telling himself that ‘that is a matter for Pangall or Father Anselm'. Golding has written this to remind the reader that Jocelin does not want to recognise any of Goody Pangall's faults as then not only would she not be perfect, but he would probably upset her and he does not want to do anything to hurt Goody. When Goody has left the church Golding turns the reader's attention to Gilbert, ‘the dumb man'. With Jocelin's first words to Gilbert, ‘I think he made you choose me, Gilbert', Golding subtly reminds the reader that Jocelin is a man of God and that he has immense faith in Him. This contrasts with the previous paragraph about Goody Pangall where it seemed that Jocelin had become so immersed in his thoughts about her that he had forgotten about who, and where, he was. Gilbert has many of the same qualities as Goody Pangall. He is quiet and does not interfere with Jocelin's plans for the spire, instead he agrees with everything Jocelin suggests. In a peculiar way Gilbert has every characteristic that people expected of a woman in those times and this is probably why Jocelin is so fond of him. As Gilbert does not, or more precisely cannot, object to any of Jocelin's remark or aspirations Jocelin is more comfortable around him. Unlike the chancellor, Pangall and others in the church, Gilbert is the one person who does not have any objections to the spire and Jocelin's delusions that God will perform a miracle in allowing it to be built. Therefore Jocelin need not be guarded around Gilbert for he knows that Gilbert will not confront him about the near non-existent foundations like the chancellor does ‘I don't know, my Lord Dean'. That Jocelin likes to be around people who do not query him reveals that he likes to have control of the situation that he is in, and that he needs to be right. Golding has created Jocelin as a rather selfish character, he wants to build the spire and is determined to do so as, he believes, ‘God will provide'. However, Jocelin has become so absorbed with the detail and planning required and is so inspired by the grandeur that he is certain the spire will provide for the cathedral that he does not pause to think about the effects of the building on his friends. Golding uses subtle phrases and words to show this egotism such as ‘my place, my house, my people' and ‘I know them all, know what they are doing and will do'. These two sentences show that Jocelin sees the people around him as a means to building the spire and does not want to associate with them unless they support him or provide a skill that will build the spire. Jocelin does not see his actions as self-centred, he sees himself as a man who loves everyone and Golding frequently mentions what Jocelin sees as agape love, ‘he shot an arrow of love after him', ‘Jocelin looked sideways at him, loving him'. The reader is shown how Jocelin's aspirations for the spire are damaging his relationships with others by the deacons scathing insults. The remark ‘say what you like, he's proud' is met with the reply ‘and ignorant'. These simple comments hold a huge amount of meaning, for deacons to talk about their dean in such a derogatory manner, especially in the cathedral itself, shows that Jocelin really is pursuing an impossible and ludicrous goal. When Jocelin overhears this conversation he confronts the deacons asking ‘who is this poor fellow? ‘. To the reader it is obvious they were talking of Jocelin but Jocelin himself is so engrossed in his thoughts that it does not occur to him that they could be discussing him. Before Jocelin approaches the deacons they remark ‘he thinks he is a saint! A man like that! ‘, Golding's use of exclamation marks after these statements makes them even more prominent and what they are suggesting more absurd. For a dean in a church to be thought of as a ridiculous candidate for being a saint indicates to the reader that Jocelin's actions are extremely inappropriate for a man of his importance in the church. A man like that! ‘ shows that the deacons do not look up to Jocelin as a role model nor do they respect him. It also proves that Jocelin thinks highly of himself, he does not even consider for a moment that the deacons are talking about him as he believes his to too high in the church and too respected for anyone to think of him as ‘ignorant', let alone voice their vie ws. Another example of Jocelin's pride in himself comes when he meets with Gilbert again. Jocelin asks Gilbert to show him the carving and exclaims, ‘Oh no, no no! I'm not as beaky as that! ‘. This denial shows that Jocelin has an exact idea of what he believes he looks like in the same way that he believes he knows what people think of him. After studying the carving further Jocelin ‘fell silent', this silence may be because he has realised that actually the carving does resemble him, ‘mouth wide open, lined cheeks, hollow deep under cheekbone'. Golding is also suggesting to the reader tat in chasing his dream of the spire Jocelin has neglected not only his relationships with others but himself as well, allowing himself to become older and more dishevelled. Golding has taken the idea of Jocelin becoming lost in his vision by giving Jocelin the thought ‘at the moment of vision, the eyes see nothing', a phrase completely suited to Jocelin and his situation. Overall, chapter one reveals to the reader that Jocelin has allowed himself become so absorbed into his vision of the spire that he has begun to ignore the people around him and to avoid them if they disagree with him or criticise his dream. It gives a great insight into Jocelin's thoughts and other's perceptions, showing the reader that most people in the church have started to see Jocelin as a person to ridicule as he is so self-involved that he will not notice. Golding's language helps to expose Jocelin's self-important views making them stand out and his continual use of the words ‘joy' and ‘love' in Jocelin's thoughts emphasise the fact that he believes he is blessed with the task to build the spire whereas the reader can see that it is more of a curse as it is beginning, even in the first chapter, to damage not only his relationships but his wellbeing too.

Exam Marketing Essay

Please put your name and student number (both, in digits and by filling the boxes) on your answer sheet. After finishing the exam you will hand in your answer sheet. Fill in the correct version code at the bottom right of the answer form by filling the correct box. Version 1 Warning against fraud: In the case of fraud the maximum punishment is exclusion from all examinations for one year. Your mobile phone should be switched off and should be put in your bag. Your bag should be closed and placed on the floor to the left of your desk. During the examination you are not allowed to go to the toilet unless the co- rdinating invigilator gives you permission to do so. Tools allowed: pencils, eraser, English-native language dictionary. (no books or notes. ) Specific information on this examination: This exam consists of 60 Multiple Choice Questions with 4 alternatives each. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question, and mark your answers on the answer form by filling the boxes. A computer will read your answers. The result of this examination will be published within 18 working days after the date of this examination. Reviewing the examination: Specific information on procedure and planning will be posted on Blackboard. Good luck with the exam! MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Car rental firms, hair dressers, and management consultants provide goods B) experiences C) events D) services 2) Julia is worried about the rising pollution levels in her city. She doesn’t mind paying extra for goods and services that use sustainable processes to help control A) declining demand B) nonexistent demand C) latent demand D) negative demand 3) Marketers must see themselves as benefit providers. For example, when a shopper purchases new shoes, he/she expects the shoes to cover his/her feet and allow him/ her to walk unobstructed. This is an example of what level in the consumer-value hierarchy? A) pure tangible good B) basic product C) augmented product D) potential product 4) Which aspect of holistic marketing motivates employees and ensures that everyone in the organization embraces appropriate marketing principles, especially senior management? A) relationship marketing B) integrated marketing C) internal marketing D) performance marketing 5) The number of different persons or households exposed to a particular media chedule at least once during a specified time period is known as A) range B) impact C) reach D) frequency 6) A company that seeks to increase its sales and profits through backward, forward, or horizontal integration within the industry is said to be employing a(n) strategy. A) diversification growth B) intensive growth C) integrative growth D) conglomerate growth 7) The is the last section of the marketing plan and spells out the goals and budget for each month or quarter, so management can review each period’s results and take action as needed. A) situation analysis B) marketing strategy C) financial projections D) implementation and controls 2 8) The internal records system supplies results data, but the marketing intelligence system supplies A) internal B) revenue C) thematic D) happenings data. ocial institutions†schools, churches, businesses, and governments; they are very difficult to change. A) Transient B) Secondary C) core D) Variable 10) A company can take several steps to improve the quality of its marketing intelligence. If the company purchases competitive products for study, attends open houses and trade shows, and reads competitors’ published reports and stockholder information, the company is using ntelligence. A) sales-force surrogates B) intermediaries C) external networks D) advisory panels to improve the quality of its marketing 1 1) If the goal of marketing research is to shed light on the real nature of a problem and to suggest possible solutions or new ideas, the research is said to be descriptive B) quantitative C) secondary D) exploratory approach uses concepts and tools from anthropology and other social science disciplines to provide deep cultural understanding of how people live and work. A) Cognitive research B) Archaeological research C) Ethnographic research D) Deductive research llow respondents to answer in their own words and often reveal more about how people think. A) Open-end questions B) Dichotomous questions C) Likert scale questions D) Multiple choice questions 14) The bundle of costs customers expect to incur in evaluating, obtaining, using, and disposing of the given market offering is called the A) activity-based cost B) customer profitability analysis C) total customer cost D) product life-cycle cost 3 15) Field Grocery wants to learn the strengths and weaknesses in customer service at all the Field Grocery stores. Which of the following methods can it use for this? A) roup buyers C) mystery shoppers D) buying agents 16) The aim of customer relationship management is to produce high customer . A) integrity B) loyalty C) innovation D) liability 17) If a marketer decides to segment a market based on neighborhoods, the marketer will have chosen the A) demographic B) psychographic C) geographic D) cultural method of segmentation. 18) If a marketing manager employs such marketing techniques as online buzz, student ambassadors, cool events, and street teams to reach target markets, the manager is most likely appealing to the A) Generation X B) Generation Y C) Silent generation D) Baby boomers market. 19) General Motors, a leading American multinational automaker, sells cars for every purpose, purse, and personality. This is an example of A) undifferentiated B) differentiated C) concentrated D) niche 20) According to the VALS segmentation system, marketing. are considered to be trendy and funloving people who are resource-constrained. They favor stylish products that emulate the purchases of those with greater material wealth. A) strivers B) survivors C) experiencers D) makers 21) Brand B) equity C) preference D) identity is the added value endowed to products and services. A) loyalty 22) According to the brand asset valuator model, which of the components of brand equity measures how aware and familiar consumers are with the brand? A) esteem 4 B) energized differentiation C) relevance 23) The introduction of diet coke by the Coca Cola Company is an example of A) line extension B) brand harmonization C) brand dilution D) co-branding 24) Which of the following terms is most closely associated with the statement: â€Å"attributes or benefits consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate, and believe that they could not find to the same extent with a competitive brand†? A) points-of-inflection B) points-of-difference C) points-of-parity D) points-of-value 25) are visual representations of consumer perceptions and preferences. A) Procedural maps B) Brain maps C) Perceptual maps D) Procedural models 26) Singapore Airlines is well regarded in large part because of the excellence of its flight attendants. This is an example of differentiation. A) image B) services C) product D) employee 27) When Starbucks introduced its Tazo Tea line to bring in new customers who had never gone to Starbucks because they dont drink coffee, Starbucks was employing a trategy. A) market-penetration B) new-market segment C) geographical-expansion D) niche identification 28) An alternative to being a market follower in a large market is to be a leader in a small market. This type of competitor is called a A) marketing king B) market nicher C) segment king D) guerilla marketer 29) is a slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. A) Introduction B) Growth C) Decline D) Maturity 5 30) The marketing concept holds that for its products B) customers who are coaxed into buying a product will most likely uy it again C) a new product will not be successful unless it is priced, distributed, and sold properly D) consumers and businesses, if left alone, won’t buy enough of the organization’s products 31) What types of goods are purchased frequently, immediately, and with minimum effort by the consumers? A) specialty goods B) shopping goods C) unsought goods D) convenience goods 32) We define packaging as all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. This includes up to three levels of material: primary package, secondary package, and B) design package C) shipping package D) consumer package . A) retailer package 33) Which of the following is an example of a hybrid service? A) teaching B) car C) restaurant meal D) soap 34) Services high in have characteristics that the buyers can evaluate before purchase. A) search qualities B) experience qualities C) credence qualities D) privacy qualities 35) Jake had an appointment at the doctor’s, but couldn’t make it on time because he was caught in traffic. By the time he reached the doctor’s office, the doctor had already begun with the next patient. This illustrates the A) variability B) heterogeneity C) perishability D) intangibility f services. 36) Companies who believe that a higher sales volume leads to lower unit costs and higher long-run profits are attempting to A) maximize their market share B) skim the market C) become a product-quality leader D) merely survive in the market 37) In which of the following auctions does the auctioneer first announce a high price for a product and then slowly decreases the price until a bidder accepts? A) an English auction with one seller and many buyers B) an ascending bid auction C) a sealed-bid auction 6 38) A(n) is an extra payment designed to gain reseller participation in special rograms. A) seasonal discount B) allowance C) discount D) quantity discount 39) When is a pull strategy appropriate? A) when there is low brand loyalty B) when consumers are able to perceive differences between brands C) when brand choice is made in the store D) when it is a low involvement purchase 40) Which of the following is an example of a zero-level channel? A) A company takes online orders from customers and ships the products to them. B) A company sells its products through wholesalers and retailers. C) A company sells its products through chains of supermarkets and other large sellers. D) A large company forms alliances with smaller companies to increase sales coverage. 41) A(n) includes the producer, wholesaler(s), and retailer(s) acting as a unified system. A) parallel marketing channel B) vertical marketing system C) internal marketing system D) conventional marketing channel 42) Which of the following types of retailing generally entails the highest costs? A) full-service B) self-service C) limited service D) self-selection 43) Which of the following is an example of a word-of-mouth marketing communication platform? A) chat rooms B) billboards C) factory tours D) incentive programs 4) Which of the following is true for franchisors? A) The franchisor has to pay the franchisee to be part of the franchise system. B) The franchisor licenses the trade mark from the franchisee. C) The franchisor must change its operations to suit those of the franchisee’s. D) The franchisor collects royalty payments from the franchisee. 5) Which of the following is an advantage of using the percentage-of-sales method to determine the marketing communications budget? A) The percentage-of-sales method encourages stability when competing firms spend approximately the same portion of their sales on communications. B) The percentage-of-sales method views sales as the determiner of communications rather than as the result. C) The percentage-of-sales method leads to a budget set by market opportunities rather than the availability of funds. by determining what each product and territory deserves. 46) Which of the following sequences accurately represents the hierarchy-of-effects model of marketing communications? A) attention-interest-desire-action B) awareness-interest-evaluation-trial-adoption C) awareness-knowledge-liking-preference-conviction-purchase D) exposure- reception-cognitive response-attitude-intention-behavior 47) A(n) ppeal is a creative strategy that elaborates on product or service attributes or benefits.