The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen

Five days later, at sea This was not the first time Jack had crossed the Irish Sea. It was not even the second or the third. He wondered if the unease would ever leave him, if he would someday be able to look down at the dark, swirling waters below and not think of his father slipping beneath the surface, meeting his death. Even before he had met the Cavendishes, when his father was just a wispy figment in his mind, he'd disliked this crossing. And yet here he stood. At the railing. He could not seem to help himself. He could not be on the water and not look out. Out, and then down. It was a gentle voyage this time, although that did little to comfort him. It was not that he feared for his own safety. It was just that it all felt so morbid, skimming atop his father's grave. He wanted it done. He wanted to be back on land. Even, he supposed, if that land was Ireland. The last time he'd been home†¦ Jack pinched his lips together, and then he pinched his eyes shut. The last time he had been home was to bring back Arthur's body. It was the hardest thing he'd ever done. Not just because his heart had broken anew with every mile, and not even because he'd dreaded his arrival at home. How could he face his aunt and uncle, delivering to them their dead son? As if all that hadn't been enough, it was damned hard to move a body from France to England to Ireland. He'd had to find a coffin, which was surprisingly difficult in the middle of a war. â€Å"Supply and demand,† one of his friends told him after their first unsuccessful attempt to obtain a coffin. There were a lot of dead bodies strewn about. Coffins were the ultimate luxury on a battlefield. But he had persisted, and he'd followed to the letter the directions he'd been given by the undertaker, filling the wooden coffin with sawdust and sealing it with tar. Even then the smell eventually seeped through, and by the time he reached Ireland, no driver would take the cargo. He'd had to buy his own wagon to get his cousin home. The journey had disrupted his own life, too. The army refused his request to be allowed to move the body, and he was forced to sell off his commission. It was a small price to pay, to be able to do this one last service for his family. But it had meant that he'd had to leave a position for which he was – finally – a perfect fit. School had been a misery, failure after failure. He'd muddled through, mostly with help from Arthur, who, seeing his struggles, had come quietly to his aid. But university – good God, he still could not believe he'd been encouraged to go. He had known it would be a disaster, but Portora Royal boys went on to university. It was as simple as that. But Arthur was a year behind, and without him, Jack didn't have a prayer. Failure would have been too mortifying, so he got himself booted out. Not that it took much imagination to find ways to behave in a manner unbecoming of a Trinity College student. He had returned home, supposedly in disgrace, and it was decided that he might do well in the army. So off he went. It had been a perfect fit. Finally, a place he could succeed and thrive without books and papers and quills. It wasn't that he was unintelligent. It was just that he hated books and papers and quills. They gave him a headache. But that was all over, and now here he was, on his way back to Ireland for the first time since Arthur's funeral service, and he might be the Duke of Wyndham, which would ensure him a bloody lifetime of books and papers and quills. And headaches. He glanced off to his left and saw Thomas standing by the bow with Amelia. He was pointing toward something – probably a bird, since Jack could not see anything else of interest. Amelia was smiling, perhaps not broadly, but enough at least to ease some of the guilt Jack was feeling about the scene back at Belgrave when he had refused to marry her. It wasn't as if he could have done anything else. Did they really think he would roll over and say, Oh, yes, give me anyone! I'll just show up at the church and be grateful. Not that there was anything wrong with Lady Amelia. In fact, one could (and probably would) do much worse, if one were to be forced into marriage. And if he hadn't met Grace†¦ He might have been willing to do it. He heard someone approaching, and when he turned, there she was, as if summoned by his thoughts. She'd left off her bonnet, and her dark hair was ruffling in the breeze. â€Å"It's very pleasant out here,† she said, leaning against the railing next to him. He nodded. He had not seen much of her on the voyage. The dowager had elected to remain in her cabin, and Grace was required to attend to her. She did not complain, of course. She never complained, and in truth, he supposed she did not have reason to do so. It was her job, after all, to remain by the dowager's side. Still, he could not imagine a less palatable position. And he knew he could never have lasted in the post. Soon, he thought. Soon she would be free. They would be married, and Grace would never have to even see the dowager again if that was her desire. Jack did not care if the old bat was his grandmother. She was unkind, selfish, and he had no intention of exchanging another word with her once this was all through. If he turned out to be the duke, he would damn well buy that farm in the Outer Hebrides and send her packing. And if he wasn't, he planned to take Grace by the hand, lead her from Belgrave and never look back. It was a rather happy dream, to tell the truth. Grace looked down, watching the water. â€Å"Isn't it strange,† she mused, â€Å"how quickly it seems to move by.† Jack glanced up at the sail. â€Å"It is a good wind.† â€Å"I know. It makes perfect sense, of course.† She looked up and smiled. â€Å"It is just that I have never been on a boat before.† â€Å"Never?† It did seem difficult to imagine. She shook her head. â€Å"Not like this. My parents took me out rowing on a lake once, but that was just for merry.† She looked back down. â€Å"I have never seen water rushing by like this. It makes me wish I could lean down and dip my fingers in.† â€Å"It's cold,† Jack said. â€Å"Well, yes, of course.† She leaned out, her throat arching as she seemed to catch the wind on her face. â€Å"But I'd still like to touch it.† He shrugged. He ought to be more voluble, especially with her, but he thought he could see the first hint of land on the horizon, and his belly was clenching and twisting. â€Å"Are you all right?† Grace asked. â€Å"I'm fine.† â€Å"You look a bit green. Are you seasick?† He wished. He never got seasick. He was landsick. He didn't want to go back. He'd woken up in the middle of the night, stuck down in his small berth, clammy with sweat. He had to go back. He knew he did. But that didn't mean a very large part of him didn't want to turn coward and flee. He heard Grace's breath catch, and when he looked at her, she was pointing out, her face alight with excitement. It was quite possibly the most beautiful thing he'd ever seen. â€Å"Is that Dublin?† she asked. â€Å"Over there?† He nodded. â€Å"The port. The town proper is a bit farther in.† She craned her neck, which would have been amusing had he not been in such a wretched mood. There was no way she could have seen anything from this distance. â€Å"I've heard it is a charming city,† she said. â€Å"There is much to entertain.† â€Å"It's a pity. I don't expect we shall be spending much time there.† â€Å"No. The dowager is eager to be on her way.† â€Å"Aren't you?† she asked. At that, he took a breath and rubbed his eyes. He was tired, and he was nervous, and it felt as if he was being delivered to his downfall. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"To be honest, I'd be quite happy to stay right here, on this boat, at this railing, for the rest of my life.† Grace turned to him with somber eyes. â€Å"With you,† he said softly. â€Å"Here at this railing, with you.† He looked back out. The port of Dublin was more than a speck on the horizon now. Soon he would be able to make out buildings and ships. Off to his left he could hear Thomas and Amelia chatting. They were pointing out over the water, too, watching the port as it seemed to grow before their eyes. Jack swallowed. The knot in his stomach was growing as well. Good God, it was almost funny. Here he was, back in Ireland, forced to face his family, whom he'd failed so many years before. And if that weren't bad enough, he could very well find himself named the Duke of Wyndham, a position for which he was uniquely unqualified. And then, because no injury should ever be without insult, he had to do it all in the company of the dowager. He wanted to laugh. It was funny. It had to be funny. If it wasn't funny, then he'd have to bloody well go and cry. But he couldn't seem to laugh. He looked out at Dublin, looming larger in the distance. It was too late for laughter. Several hours later, at the Queen's Arms, Dublin â€Å"It is not too late!† â€Å"Ma'am,† Grace said, trying to be as calm and soothing as she could, â€Å"it is past seven. We are all tired and hungry, and the roads are dark and unknown to us.† â€Å"Not to him,† the dowager snapped, jerking her head toward Jack. â€Å"I am tired and hungry,† Jack snapped right back, â€Å"and thanks to you, I no longer travel the roads by moonlight.† Grace bit her lip. They had been traveling over three days now, and one could almost chart the progress of their journey by the shortness of his temper. Every mile that brought them closer to Ireland had taken a notch out of his patience. He'd grown silent and withdrawn, so wholly unlike the man she knew. The man she'd fallen in love with. They had reached the port of Dublin in the late afternoon, but by the time they collected their belongings and made their way into town, it was nearly time for supper. Grace had not eaten much on the sea journey, and now that she was back to standing on surfaces that did not pitch and roll beneath her, she was famished. The last thing she wanted was to press on toward Butlersbridge, the small village in County Cavan where Jack had grown up. But the dowager was being her argumentative self, so they were standing in the front room of the inn, all six of them, while she attempted to dictate the speed and direction of their journey. â€Å"Don't you wish to have this matter settled, once and for all?† the dowager demanded of Jack. â€Å"Not really,† was his insolent response. â€Å"Certainly not as much as I want a slice of shepherd's pie and a tankard of ale.† Jack turned to the rest of them, and Grace ached at the expression in his eyes. He was haunted. But by what, she could not guess. What demons awaited him here? Why had he gone so long between visits? He'd told her he had a lovely childhood, that he adored his adoptive family and would not have traded them for the world. Didn't everyone wish for that? Didn't he want to go home? Didn't he understand how lucky he was to have a home to return to? Grace would have given anything for that. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† Jack said, with a courteous nod. â€Å"Lady Amelia.† The two ladies bobbed their curtsies as he departed. â€Å"I do believe he has the right idea of it,† Thomas murmured. â€Å"Supper sounds infinitely more appealing than a night on the roads.† The dowager whipped her head toward him and glared. â€Å"Not,† he said with an extremely dry look, â€Å"that I am attempting to delay the inevitable. Even soon-to-be-dispossessed dukes get hungry.† Lord Crowland laughed aloud at that. â€Å"He has you there, Augusta,† he said jovially, and wandered off to the taproom. â€Å"I shall take my supper in my room,† the dowager announced. Her tone was defiant, as if she expected someone to protest, but of course, no one did. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† she barked, â€Å"you may attend to me.† Grace sighed wearily and started to follow. â€Å"No,† Thomas said. The dowager froze. â€Å"No?† she echoed, all ice. Grace turned and looked at Thomas. What could he mean? There had been nothing unusual about the dowager's order. Grace was her companion. This was exactly the sort of thing she had been hired to do. But Thomas stared down his grandmother, a tiny, subversive smile tugging at the corners of his mouth. â€Å"Grace will dine with us. In the dining room.† â€Å"She is my companion,† the dowager hissed. â€Å"Not anymore.† Grace held her breath as she watched the exchange. Matters between Thomas and his grandmother were never cordial, but this seemed to go quite beyond the usual. Thomas almost appeared to be enjoying himself. â€Å"As I have not yet been removed from my position,† he said, speaking slowly, clearly savoring each word, â€Å"I took the liberty of making a few last minute provisions.† â€Å"What the devil are you talking about?† the dowager demanded. â€Å"Grace,† Thomas said, turning to her with friendship and memories in his eyes, â€Å"you are officially relieved of your duties to my grandmother. When you return home, you will find a cottage deeded in your name, along with funds enough to provide an income for the rest of your life.† â€Å"Are you mad?† the dowager sputtered. Grace just stared at him in shock. â€Å"I should have done it long ago,† he said. â€Å"I was too selfish. I couldn't bear the thought of living with her† – he jerked his head toward his grandmother – â€Å"without you there to act as a buffer.† â€Å"I don't know what to say,† she whispered. â€Å"Normally, I'd advise ‘thank you,' but as I am the one thanking you, a mere ‘You are a prince among men' would suffice.† Grace managed a wobbly smile and whispered, â€Å"You are a prince among men.† â€Å"It is always lovely to hear it,† Thomas said. â€Å"Now, would you care to join the rest of us for supper?† Grace turned toward the dowager, who was red-faced with rage. â€Å"You grasping little whore,† she spat. â€Å"Do you think I don't know what you are? Do you think I would allow you in my home again?† Grace stared at her in calm shock, then said, â€Å"I was about to say that I would offer you my assistance for the rest of the journey, since I would never dream of leaving a post without giving proper and courteous notice, but I believe I have reconsidered.† She turned to Amelia, holding her hands carefully at her sides. She was shaking. She was not sure if it was from shock or delight, but she was shaking. â€Å"May I share your room this evening?† she asked Amelia. Because certainly she was not going to remain with the dowager. â€Å"Of course,† Amelia replied promptly. She linked her arm through Grace's. â€Å"Let us have some supper.† It was, Grace later decided, the finest shepherd's pie she'd ever tasted. Several hours later, Grace was up in her room staring out the window while Amelia slept. Grace had tried to go to sleep, but her mind was still all abuzz over Thomas's astounding act of generosity. Plus, she wondered where Jack had gone off to – he'd not been in the dining room when she and Thomas and Amelia arrived, and no one seemed to know what had happened to him. Plus plus, Amelia snored. Grace rather enjoyed the view of Dublin below. They were not in the city center, but the street was busy enough, with local folk going about their business, and plenty of travelers on their way into or out of the port. It was strange, this newfound sense of freedom. She still could not believe that she was here, sharing a bed with Amelia and not curled up on an uncomfortable chair at the dowager's bedside. Supper had been a merry affair. Thomas was in remarkably good spirits, all things considered. He had not said anything more of his generous gift, but Grace knew why he'd done it. If Jack was found to be the true duke – and Thomas was convinced this would be the case – then she could not remain at Belgrave. To have her heart broken anew, every day for the rest of her life – that, she could not bear. Thomas knew that she'd fallen in love with Jack. She had not said so, not expressly, but he knew her well. He had to know. For him to act with such generosity, when she'd gone and fallen in love with the man who might very well be the cause of his downfall – It brought tears to her eyes every time she thought of it. And so now she was independent. An independent woman! She liked the sound of that. She would sleep until noon every day. She would read books. She would wallow in the sheer laziness of it all, at least for a few months, and then find something constructive to do with her time. A charity, perhaps. Or maybe she would learn to paint watercolors. It sounded decadent. It sounded perfect. And lonely. No, she decided firmly, she would find friends. She had many friends in the district. She was glad she would not be leaving Lincolnshire, even if it did mean that she might occasionally cross paths with Jack. Lincolnshire was home. She knew everyone, and they knew her, and her reputation would not be questioned, even if she did set up her own home. She would be able to live in peace and respectability. It would be a good thing. But lonely. No. Not lonely. She would have funds. She could go visit Elizabeth, who would be married to her earl in the South. She could join one of those women's clubs her mother had so adored. They'd met every Tuesday afternoon, claiming they were there to discuss art and literature and the news of the day, but when the meetings were held at Sillsby, Grace had heard far too much laughter for those topics. She would not be lonely. She refused to be lonely. She looked back at Amelia, snoring away on the bed. Poor thing. Grace had often envied the Willoughby girls their secure places in society. They were daughters of an earl, with impeccable bloodlines and generous dowries. It was odd, really, that her future should now be so well-defined while Amelia's was so murky. But she had come to realize that Amelia was no more in control of her own fate than she herself had been. Her father had chosen her husband before she could even speak, before he knew who she was, what she was like. How could he know, looking upon an infant of less than one year, whether she would be suited for life as a duchess? All of her life, Amelia had been stuck, waiting for Thomas to get around to marrying her. And even if she did not end up marrying either of the two Dukes of Wyndham, she'd still find herself obliged to follow her father's dictates. Grace was turning back toward the window when she heard a noise in the hall. Footsteps, she decided. Male. And because she could not help herself, she hurried to her door, opened it a crack, and peered out. Jack. He looked rumpled and tired and achingly heartsick. He was squinting in the dark, trying to figure out which room was his. Grace-the-companion might have retreated back into her room, but Grace-the-woman-of-independent-means was somewhat more daring, and she stepped out, whispering his name. He looked up. His eyes flared, and Grace belatedly remembered that she was still in her nightgown. It was nothing remotely risque; in fact, she was far more covered than she would have been in an evening dress. Still, she hugged her arms to her body as she moved forward. â€Å"Where have you been?† she whispered. He shrugged. â€Å"Out and about. Visiting old haunts.† Something about his voice was unsettling. â€Å"Really?† she asked. â€Å"No.† He looked at her, then rubbed his eyes. â€Å"I was across the street. Having my shepherd's pie.† She smiled. â€Å"And your pint of ale?† â€Å"Two, actually.† He smiled then, a sheepish, boyish thing that tried to banish the exhaustion from his face. â€Å"I missed it.† â€Å"Irish ale?† â€Å"The English stuff is pig swill by comparison.† Grace felt herself warming inside. There was humor in his eyes, the first she'd seen in days. And it was strange – she'd thought it would be torture to be near him, to be with him and hear his voice and see his smile. But all she felt now was happiness. And relief. She could not bear it when he was so unhappy. She needed for him to be him. Even if he could not be hers. â€Å"You should not be out here like this,† he said. â€Å"No.† She shook her head but did not move. He grimaced and looked down at his key. â€Å"I cannot find my room.† Grace took the key from him and peered at it. â€Å"Fourteen,† she said. She looked up. â€Å"The light is dim.† He nodded. â€Å"It is that way,† she told him, pointing down the hall. â€Å"I passed it on the way in.† â€Å"Is your room acceptable?† he asked. â€Å"Large enough for both you and the dowager?† Grace gasped. He did not know. She'd completely forgotten. He had already left when Thomas gave her the cottage. â€Å"I'm not with the dowager,† she said, unable to conceal all of her excitement. â€Å"I – â€Å" â€Å"Someone's coming,† he whispered harshly, and indeed, she heard voices and footsteps on the stairs. He started to steer her back to her room. â€Å"No, I can't.† She dug in her heels. â€Å"Amelia is there.† â€Å"Amelia? Why would she – † He muttered something under his breath and then yanked her along with him down the hall. Into Room 14.

Grief and Loss in Adolescence: Principles, Responses and Challenges

Grief and loss are fundamental aspects of life; they are inevitabilities that stem from our mortality and our natural propensity to form deep emotional bonds with those closest to us—our family, friends and colleagues.Perhaps C. S. Lewis captured the sensation of grief best when he said: â€Å"No one ever told me that grief felt so like fear.  I am not afraid, but the sensation is like being afraid. The same fluttering in the stomach, the same restlessness, the yawning. I keep on swallowing. — C. S. Lewis, A Grief Observed How one physically manifests grief may vary between age groups and cultures but it is a universal occurrence in humans who are of normal cognitive development.In this paper, grief and loss will be reviewed in the context of Worden’s principles and theories; specifically, what these principles say about grief and loss, how they might apply to the adolescence demographic, what challenges the health care provider might expect to encounter when working with a grieving adolescent, and how a health care provider can best respond to a grieving teenager. A series of hypothetical acute care settings will be presented to illustrate how a nurse might best proceed in responding to a grieving adolescent.Death during AdolescenceAdolescence is a transitionary stage of life that poses unique challenges for the individual. Change is the hallmark of this developmental period as teenagers struggle with hormonal changes, newfound desires for independence, confidence issues, and concerns about body image. Grief and loss during this stage of life, whether it be the loss of a parent, relative, or close friend, often greatly exacerbates the emotional state of a teen who is already experiencing the stresses associated with the transition from child to adult.According to Metzgar, typical grief responses of teenagers include anger, depression, withdrawal, frustration, confusion, acting out, and noncompliance (Metzgar, 2002). Unlike young childre n, who often do not fully contemplate the finality of death, adolescents are usually aware that death is final (Freeman, 2005). According to Freeman, adolescents have the mature intellectual development necessary to understand the core concepts of death—universality, non-functionality, irreversibility, and causality—and can elucidate fully the details (Freeman, 2005).This greater understanding of death places adolescents closer to adults on the level of death awareness; however, teens may wonder if a dead person will return; this thinking may include supernatural elements as teens often associate an unexpected death or serious illness with a supernatural event or cause (Brewster, 1982). An adolescents’ grief experience is highly personal in nature, and unlike adults, teens tend to grieve more intensely.Often their grief response is not expressed smoothly or continuously but takes the form of a series of punctuated outbursts; in some cases an adolescent may make a concerted effort to control his or her emotions (Worden, 1996). In attempting to control their emotions, a teen may retreat inwardly by immersing themselves in highly personal activities such as reading, writing, listening to music, or exercising; in other cases, a teen may want to release the anger and sadness associated with their grief; in this case, he or she may act out angry or antisocial behavior (Worden, 1996).Of particular importance from a health care perspective is the recognition that teens often perceive death as something that happens to others even though they recognize that death is a phenomenon that can and will happen to everyone. When a teen is confronted with the death of a close friend or relative, their perception of death as being a phenomenon that is distant from them, is abruptly challenged. In the case of the death of a peer, death is often sudden—in an American study, the three leading causes of death in the 15 to 24 year-old age group are acciden ts, homicide, and suicide (Minino and Smith, 2001).In such cases, a teen’s sense of pseudo-immortality is often shattered (Freeman, 2005). The trauma associated with this may cause a teen to experience an overwhelming sense of helplessness or powerlessness (Aronson, 2005). In the case of the loss of one or both parents, a teen may experience a grief reaction that is unique for their age demographic—an irrational guilt associated with the normal desire to detach from their parents (Freeman, 2005). For the health care worker, it is crucial that this particular grief reaction is considered when helping a teen deal with the loss of one or both parents.Theoretical Principles: Grief and Loss according to Worden.In Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy, Worden conceptualizes the process of grief into a framework of four tasks that he suggests need to be addressed and completed before the process of mourning can be concluded (Worden, 1991). Worden’s four task paradigm cons ists of:Task 1. To accept the reality of the lossTask 2. To work through the pain of griefTask 3. To adjust to an environment in which the deceased is missingTask 4. To emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with lifeAccording to Worden, children and teens, like adults, must acknowledge and accept the reality and finality of death before they can begin to deal with the emotional impact of this loss (Worden, 1991). Generally this is easier for teens than children because their concept of death is more developed and in tune with that of an adult’s. In order to help facilitate acknowledgement of loss, a health care worker needs to explain the circumstances of the loss in a language that is both accurate and age appropriate.Since maturity levels vary within the teen demographic, one must not assume a given maturity level based on age; in this case the carer should make a concerted effort to determine the maturity level of a teen through dialogue and observation (Smead, 199 4). In task two, Worden suggests that the painful emotions associated with grief need to be worked through. By working through, Worden suggests that emotions need to be released in a healthy manner such that a teen is able to cope with the nature of their loss.In this case, the carer needs to assist the teen with opening up—helping the teen discuss their fears and anxieties in a non-judgmental way. Encouraging teens to express their grief through creative arts and by engaging in rituals can be therapeutic in this regard. (Silverman and Nickman, 1999) In Worden’s third task, adjusting to the loss of a deceased peer, sibling or parent requires that the adolescent develop an adaptation to this loss.Adaptation will be heavily influenced by what role the deceased played in the teen’s life; often this adaptation requires an extended period of adjustment (Worden, 1991). In this case, the health care worker’s role is to help the teen adapt to the loss of old role s (roles associated with the deceased) and adjust to the emergence of new roles (roles previously associated with the deceased now taken up by other individuals). In Worden’s final task, the deceased are relocated—they are placed in an appropriate emotional place such that the bereaved can move on with their lives.For many bereaved individuals, relocation may involve the pondering of existential questions: Where did the deceased go? Why did they die? Is there a Heaven? Children and teens are often more open to supernatural explanations, and in this case, belief in an afterlife can be therapeutic as it helps the individual maintain a healthy and tangible link to the deceased—it may give the bereaved a sense that the deceased is watching over me from Heaven (Silverman, Nickman and Worden, 1992).Grief and Loss in the Acute Care Setting: A Nurse’s RoleWhen a nurse is expected to provide emotional care to a bereaved teen, he or  she must consider a number of factors that may influence the grieving process. These may include: age, level of maturity, psychological state, physical state, and circumstances of the loss. In the following hypothetical case studies, a nurse will offer emotional support directed specifically at teens whom are experiencing different stages of grief as outlined by Worden. The question to be answered in each case is this: What would be the most appropriate nursing response? In each case, as the attending nurse, you will note the individual’s age, statements, stress level, and physical demeanor.Case Study One – The immediate loss of a best friendTom is an 18 year old who has been admitted to a hospital emergency room after a traumatic car accident. His best friend Bret was a passenger and has been killed in the accident. Tom has minor physical injuries that you are tending to. He has just been informed that his best friend died at the scene. Emotional and in disbelief, he yells: â€Å"You’re a ll lying! Bret is not dead! He can’t be dead! He can’t be! It’s my fault!† Bret is shaking.Response:Using compassionate but clear and direct language you reaffirm that Bret has died. You show empathy to Tom but avoid making value judgments for him that offer explanations for the death or attribute blame. When interfacing with Tom’s parents you explain to them the stage of grief their son is going through and how best to assist him through it.Case Study Two – Working through the loss of a parentSarah is a somewhat rebellious 17 year-old with a strong sense of independence. She doesn’t always see eye to eye with her mother, Jenifer. Six months previous, Jenifer died suddenly in car accident. Since the accident, Sarah has suffered major anxiety attacks and has been plagued by guilt. At school she has been involved in arguments and fights with other girls; on this occasion she is in the school infirmary after fighting with another girl. Af ter initially appearing angry, Sarah breaks down in tears  and says: â€Å"Why did my Mom have to die! I didn’t really want her out of my life!†Response:You consol Sarah, and listen to her—you let her release her emotions without restraining or judging her. You reassure Sarah that it is ok and normal to feel fear, guilt and doubt, and that is ok to express her feelings. You tell Sarah that she can come and share her feelings with you whenever she feels the need. If interfacing with Sarah’s father, explain to him what Sarah is experiencing, and offer helpful suggestions that are in line with Worden’s model for task two grief.Case Study Three – Adapting to the loss of a siblingJanet and Karen are sisters close in age, 15 and 17 respectively. They were inseparable and enjoyed doing things together such as sports, shopping and talking about boys. Janet looked up to Karen who she thought of as being her pillar of strength and confidant. Last ye ar Karen died suddenly from a rare form of meningitis. Janet has accepted the loss but has had a hard time readjusting to life without her sister. She is in the hospital being attended to for self inflicted cuts on her arms. Janet states that life is unexciting now because her sister is gone.Response:With empathy you help Janet recognize and reassign the emotional roles filled by her sister. You may suggest ways to help Janet remember Karen in a desensationalized way such that the memory of Karen is retained and respected but that recognizes that life must go on. The suggestion of doing activities (previously done with Karen) with friends or classmates might be helpful. This information should be relayed to Janet’s parents to help them understand how they might be able to assist Janet adjust to life without Karen.Case Study Four – Relocating a deceased grandparentFourteen year old Ben loved fishing with his grandfather. Granddad was Ben’s best friend. Earlier th is year Ben’s granddad died suddenly from a heart attack. Ben accepted that granddad was gone, and he knew that there would be no more fishing. Ben was admitted to the hospital to receive stitches for a fall; Ben asks you: â€Å"Miss, where do dead people go? My Granddad died this year you know.† In a melancholy tone he continues, â€Å"I’ll never have a friend like him again.†Response:In a compassionate tone reply that you are not sure where people go when they die and that it is one of life’s great mysteries. You may suggest that many people have different ideas as to where people go after death. Suggest to Ben that life is about continuing to develop special moments with people we associate with in life. Keep in mind that grief resolution involves reflecting on the meaning of a deceased person’s life, and keeping this as a pleasant memory. It is not meant to focus on the death itself.ConclusionsGrief is a fundamental aspect of life. Adole scence, being a major transitional stage in human growth and development brings with it unique emotional challenges. These challenges need to be addressed by the health care worker if he or she is to effectively assist a teen who is grieving for a deceased peer, sibling or parent. Worden suggests a four step paradigm for the grieving process that can serve as a guide for elucidating the stage of grief an individual may be experiencing.Knowledge of this model can assist the health care worker in grief stage recognition, and in making informed decisions that will ultimately help a teen deal with challenges involved in the of grieving process. With the support and encouragement of health care workers, peers, and relatives, adolescents can learn to successfully manage grief and loss, and move forward with their lives.

History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport. Academic Essay

History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport. Academic Secondary Sources and Media Sources paper - Essay Example This program aimed at developing and nurturing athletes to win gold medals for the magnificence of East German. These athletes were sacrificed for the glory of the country. These athletes were treated as experimental guinea pigs for performance enhancing drugs and were dropped if they were not productive (Kremenik et al, 2007). However, the facts of the East German case show that the athletes were forced to use the blue steroid pills. The athletes were informed that the pills were vitamin pills. This was a top secret plan that was pioneered by the Olympic head, Ewald (Kremenik et al, 2007). Because of their greed for East German’s magnificence, they lied to the athletes and eventually led to the deterioration of the health condition of numerous athletes. It is imperative to identify that the primary aim of Olympics is not just breaking records, but the feeling of energy that is generated. If athletics was about breaking records then every athlete would make attempts to enhance his or her performance by tying motors on their feet. Doping is a contentious and regular topic in athletics (Pound, 2010). The use of drug enhancing substances not only puts the health of the athlete in danger but also risks losing his or her medal. Athletes represent the vibrancy, human health and the satisfaction of potenti al. This constitutes the reasons why the International Olympics Committee does not allow doping. Notably, doping makes athletics unfair (Pound, 2010). Athletics should be fair and should offer a ground where the athletes are only differentiated by the level of their skills alone. However, the East German case is a different case where the athletes were subjected to the blue steroid pills. The International Olympics Committee was marred with a huge disconnect with scientific research and despite various researches that were

If there are deep differences in the moral standards of different Essay

If there are deep differences in the moral standards of different cultures, what implications would this have for the nature of morality - Essay Example In this light, all persons are entitled to decide what is right for them. Thus, an act becomes true for one person if he or she believes it to be so. Moral relativism is a widely held position in a post-modern world, especially in places where people use it to excuse or allow certain actions. Furthermore, moral relativism comes in several forms: utilitarianism, evolutionism, existentialism, ‘emotivism’, and ‘situationism’. All of these variations of moral relativism share a single unifying theme, as highlighted in Moral Relativism – Neutral Thinking?, that rightness or wrongness is a product of human preference, which highly depends on cultural and historical circumstances. According to another online article entitled Book Review: Morality Matters, there are four essential consequences of moral relativism to human societies: cross-cultural criticism, intra-cultural criticism, intra-cultural conflict, and moral degradation. Firstly, cross-cultural conflict points at the difficulty of judging morally objectionable acts of one culture, such as murder and terrorism. Although such acts are inherently and naturally abhorred by human nature, these acts are deemed to be beyond the evaluation of another culture. Secondly, intra-cultural criticism underscores the problem in consulting one’s ethical standards to the moral codes of society since, more often than not, these codes are subject to the ruler’s subjective viewpoints which may be logically and morally erroneous. Thirdly, intra-cultural conflict states the impossibility of solving disagreements within a culture since all beliefs are morally equal. Thus, choosing one belief over another is difficult for there is no moral standard. Lastly, moral degradation claims that the perfection of moral standards is hardly attainable since it is the cultural circumstance and not the conceptual quality of the moral code that

Soft Drink Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Soft Drink Industry Analysis - Essay Example The important factors which we need to consider are rival competitors, threats to the present players from the new entrants and finally the suppliers and consumers in general as a whole market share competition. The reason we are considering Industry analysis for the soft drink industry is that we can understand the overall landscape of the industry and thus can identify the growing trends, opportunities and possible threats. Whenever we consider the industry, one thing to be noted is that supplier and buyer are powerful entities in the whole process schema. Now that we have realized the need and importance of industry analysis in any industry, let's go further by listing the main features to be included while reasoning the industry analysis. The first step in industry analysis is to define the industry or the sector which will be analyzed. In our case this will be soft drink industry or we can say the market of non alcoholic beverages. The second step in the process is to identify t he key players and competitors in the market and also identify the customer target base. After identifying the players we need to judge the strengths, weakness and other factors. We also need to understand and identify the market trends in the industry. The main purpose of industry analysis is to identify the threats and counter them so as to improve the whole structure of the industryExternal Analysis This is done by using the more successful analysis procedures of SWOT and PEST It is also to be noted that Soft drink industry is affected socio-economic environmental factors firstly the concept of globalization. With the growing use of the internet and other electronic technologies, global communication is rapidly increasing. This is allowing firms to collaborate within the country market and expand into world markets. It has driven competition greatly as companies strive to be first-movers. The second change factor is innovation. In today's globalizing society, being ordinary or plain is not good enough. Differentiation from other rivals has become a norm to make a niche in the market. Thus these all analysis gives us a broader outlook of the whole industry and gives us a perspective of the how the industry is shaping up. We conclude by list out the SWOT and PESTLE Analysis of the whole industry. SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Competitive Industry among the beverage section 2. Spread around the globe- market share 3. Global Brand of the players Weakness 1. Too many big players. 2. Difficult for small players to make an impact 3. Emergence of Substitute product Opportunities 1. Emerging markets 2. Innovation in products 3. Globalization .Better chances to increase customers Threats 1. Substitute products 2. Alcoholic beverages 3. Stagnant economy in big economic sections PEST Political 1. Stable Political Situation in big share places 2. Administration showing importance to business value Economic 1. Stable and emerging economies in countries like Europe and Asia 2. Large number of Buyers available in countries 3. Prominent presence of giants in economic areas Social 1. Brand value among consumers 2. Competitive industry among all others 3. Maximum in Europe and emerging in Asia Technological 1. Product innovation using technology 2. Usage of modern techniques to produce better quality drinks Internal Analysis (including

Reviewing Healthcare system in AbuDhabi Research Paper

Reviewing Healthcare system in AbuDhabi - Research Paper Example Since the establishment of UAE as an independent state in 1971, the president and founder of the state, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, had put forward his vision to establish quality healthcare services and centres for the community. UAE, as a resource rich nation, has never faced financial issues in maintaining high standards of healthcare services. The public healthcare services are managed and administered by various authorities and regularity bodies in UAE. However, among them, The Ministry of Health Authority-Abu Dhabi (HAAD), Emirates Health Authority (EHA) and Dubai Health Authority (DHA), are the primary authorities (Koornneefa, Robbena, Seiari d, e & Siksekf, 2012). The healthcare standard is extremely high in the country and therefore, the government spending in the sector has also been high. The total expenditure by the government in this sector from 1993 to 2003 was around $436 million. The World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that in the year 2004, the healthcare s egment of the country constituted of 2.9 percent of the gross domestic product. It was identified that cardiovascular diseases were the major reason of death in the country and accounted for 28 percent of deaths. Other major causes of diseases and deaths are congenital abnormalities, injuries, accidents and malignancies. According to World Bank, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are considered to be the 3rd and 2nd most admired medical destinations in this region, apart from Jordon (Koornneefa, Robbena, Seiari d, e & Siksekf, 2012). High-quality medical facilities and doctors are available in UAE. Due to the high percentage of expats, foreign medical staffs and doctors are available in the country. This also prevents difficulties for the tourists from the western countries in any treatment proceedings. The most contemporary hospital in UAE is the Rashid Hospital, which is in Dubai. The country also has excellent maternal hospitals where all the deliveries are done by highly trained doctors and me dical professionals. Polio has been eliminated completely from the country (Koornneefa, Robbena, Seiari d, e & Siksekf, 2012). There are more than 40 public hospitals in UAE and in Abu Dhabi; there are 57 health centres, 3 maternal hospitals, 3 specialised dental centrals, 5 rehab centres and 13 private hospitals, managed by the government body called SEHA. However, there are more private healthcare centres and hospitals compared to the government sponsored ones (Westway, Rheeder, Van Zyl & Seager, 2003). Research Aim and Objectives The aim of this research study is to discuss about the healthcare system of UAE, with prime focus on Abu Dhabi. Healthcare sector in the country is quite significant and has been strongly established, managed and administered by the government and other regulatory bodies. With this aim, certain objectives for the study have been developed: To analyse the position and condition of the healthcare sector in UAE as a whole. To analyse the different regulator y bodies and their role in the healthcare se

Delegating responsibilities is the key to effective management Assignment

Delegating responsibilities is the key to effective management - Assignment Example ted in many organizations, resulting in role duplication, confusion and overlaps that cause conflicts between members of an organization, and also results in inefficient use of manpower (Rao & Krishna, 2005:412). Thus, possessing the right delegation skills is very important, since poor delegation can be very disruptive and even destructive of an organization. Good delegation is associated with developing people within the organization to achieve their maximum potential, motivating workers and enhancing teamwork. In addition, effective delegation is a prerequisite for grooming the right successor to a management or any other relevant organizational position (Agarwal, 1986:172). This way, delegating responsibilities does not only make the management of an organization very effective, but it also helps in saving both time and resources, which would be applied towards training different organizational members for different leadership positions in the organization. On the other hand, the failure to delegate responsibilities effectively can cause frustration, de-motivation and confusion, which end up in a cycle of organizational conflicts and poorly accomplished tasks (Muir, 1995:6). Therefore, delegating responsibilities is not the key to effective management per se, but the effectiveness with which such delegation is done. This makes delegation skills a very important management skill that is worth improving for the managers (DuBrin, 2012:287). In fact, delegating responsibilities does not only help the management to share tasks and activities and have them accomplished, but is also the basis of the futuristic strategy for succession planning and personal development, and a necessary pre-condition for awarding promotions (Rao & Krishna, 2005:408). In this respect, through effective delegation of responsibilities, the management is able to solve several organizational issues that would require individual investment of time and resources. Thus, delegation is the

Zinc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zinc - Essay Example But it varies with different temperatures, as the appearance becomes ductile when heated at ranges 110-150  °C. Zinc is a reactive metal that was first discovered in 1746, and the person who discovered zinc was Andreas Marggraf. The symbol of zinc is denoted with â€Å"Zn†. Being in the group of transition metals, it is the property of zinc that it conducts electricity and heat. The valence electrons of zinc are present in more than one shell. Being placed in the transition metals, it has several oxidation states. Zinc has hexagonal crystalline structure. The atomic number of zinc is 30. It has the atomic mass of 65.39 a.m.u (atomic mass unit). Zinc has a melting point of 419.58  °C and it has a boiling point of 907.0  ° C. The density of zinc is 7.133 g/cm3. The numbers of neutrons are 30 and then numbers of protons/electrons are 35. ISOTOPES OF NEUTRON: The isotopes are the atoms containing different number of neutrons and same number of protons, responsible for alteri ng total number of nucleons. There are ten isotopes of zinc that are shown in the table below. Half Life Zn-62 9.26 hours Zn-63 38.5 minutes Zn-64 Stable Zn-65 243.8 days Zn-66 Stable Zn-67 Stable Zn-68 Stable Zn-69m 13.76 hours Zn-70 Stable Zn-72 46.5 hours Zinc has two oxidation states and the valence electrons are in s shell. ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF ZINC:- The atomic structure gives us an idea about the structure of atoms and its arrangement. The atomic structure includes atomic radius, atomic size, covalent radius, cross section, and crystal structure. The atomic radius of zinc is 1.53 A °, the atomic volume is 9.2 cm3/mol, the covalent radius is 1.25 A °, cross section of 1.11, and the structure is hexagonal in nature. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ZINC:- The electronic configuration tells us that how much electrons are placed in the specific shell. The electronic configuration of zinc is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2.This electronic configuration makes the process easier to remove 2 of 4s electrons and easier to form compounds like ZnO, Zncl2 and ZnSO4.   SOURCES OF ZINC:- The annual production of zinc is 5,020,000 tons. It is found in the minerals such as zincite (ZnO), zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, and franklinite. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:- Zinc has electronegativity of 1.65 Pauling, Heat of fusion of 7.322 kJ/mol, electron work function of 4.33 eV, it has an electrochemical equivalent of 1.22g/amp-hr, and a valence electron potential of 38.9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:- It is hard, brittle, bluish white transition metal. The enthalpy of fusion is 7.32 kJ/mol, enthalpy of atomization is 129.7 kJ/mol, average atomic mass of 65.39 and boiling point of 907 ° C. COMPOUNDS OF ZINC:- Many compounds of zinc are formed, but ten are discussed over here. 1. Zinc Borate: It is also called as fire brake ZB. Zinc borate has elements containing Zinc, Boron and oxygen. It has a chemical formula 3ZnO. 2B2O3. Its CAS number is 1332-07-6. Its casewell number is 909b. It is white powder. 2. Zinc carbonate: It is also called carbonic acid and zinc spar. It has a formula of ZnCo3, made up of zinc, carbon and oxygen. It has CAS number 3486-35-9. 3. Zinc sulphate: It has oxygen, sulphur and zinc. The formula is ZnsO4. The CAS number is 7733-02-0. Casewell number is 927. It is also called Bonazen having several other synonyms. 4. Zinc chloride: Is formula is ZnCl2. It has elements containing zinc and chlorine. Its CAS number is 7646-85-7. Its casewell number is 910. It is also called as butter of zinc. 5. Zinc Oxide: It has elements zinc and oxygen. Its chemical formula is ZnO2. Its CAS number is 1314-13-2. It casewell number is 920. It is also called as snow white. 6. Zinc stearate: Its formula is Zn(C18H35O2) 2. It has carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and zinc. Its

The way these issues are presented in the play Essay Example for Free

The way these issues are presented in the play Essay Things take a turn for the worse when the reverend starts to question Abigail about her relationship with John Proctor. Now Abigail can see that things can turn against her and she answers her uncle by saying Goody Proctor had wanted to use her as a slave and uses the sentence I will not black my face for any of them. Abigail also lets it be known to her uncle that Goody Proctor is a bitter woman who only wants to spread gossip, she assures her uncle that her name is white in the village. Abigail is trying very hard to get out of a very delicate situation, she can see that by giving the whole truth she will be at the very least cast out of the village and at the very worst named as a witch, but she should have realised that her uncle would never have allowed her to be named as a witch as this would have destroyed his good name. There is a meeting convened in the church where Reverend Parriss informs the people of Salem that their may be an evil spirit lurking in the village and that he has called in a man by the name of Mr Hale to come and see if there are any witches in the village and he reminds them of the trial of a witch in Beverly which came to nothing as Mr Hale had found the woman not to be a practicing witch. At this point Abigail runs from the church along with the other girls who had been in the woods with her. All the girls involved in the magical rites become hysterical and try to wake one of the girls in this case it is Betty Parriss. Betty awakes and blames Abigail saying she is a blood drinker who drank the blood of a chicken to kill Goody Proctor. This is not what Abigail wants to hear she knows the implications and she threatens Betty with terrible events if she tells about the blood drinking. We now see Proctor with many of the leaders of the village, downstairs in the Reverends house, discussing the children who are in a trance like state and also discussing the bringing in of a witch hunter. One of these people is Rebecca Nurse who is an elder of the village and she like John Proctor always speaks sense and knows that the children are acting up because they have been caught doing something wrong in the woods. I understand from all this that those people who have nothing to fear in their lives are just speaking the truth but people like Parriss are looking for a way out of their own problems and so are actually making the problem grow. Abigail meets up with John Proctor in the village and you can tell that John knows that it is Abigail who has caused the problems in the village but that he finds her very childlike and at this point does not know how dangerous Abigail is. In fact Abigail admits to John at this point that they were only messing about in the woods and that what they were doing was nothing more than a childish prank and not real witchcraft. Abigail on the other hand wants the love of John Proctor but John refuses Abigail and he tells her that they will not carry on their affair he says to her I will cut of my hand before reaching for you again. Abigail reacts in a very jealous way as she is burning with jealousy and says terrible things to John about his wife Goody Proctor. John is calm and tells her not to speak badly of his wife. If we are being fair to Abigail at this point we should understand that she was deeply in love with John Proctor, she did not think of their liaison as an quick affair but one of deep love and she could not understand why she was now being shunned by the man she loved so much. The witch hunter Hale arrives in Salem he has come from Beverly and when he meets with John Proctor the two men acknowledge that they are both intelligent men who want to get to the bottom of an increasingly disastarous problem.

Strategies for Cancer Treatment

Strategies for Cancer Treatment Cancer is one of the most severe health problems in the world. So the development of new anticancer drugs and new effective strategies to treat cancer is on the rise in drug discovery and clinical therapy. One of the major causes for morbidity and mortality is cancer, alone in 2008 there are approximately 12.7 million cases and 7.6 million deaths worldwide. A diagnosis of cancer goes as back as ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC, Hippocrates describes many different types of cancers and referred to them with the word carcinos, Greek word means crab. He gave this name because of the cut surfaces of a solid malignant tumour, showing stretched veins on all sides, similar in appearance of crab. A normal cell changes into a cancer cell due to cell mutation. Stimulatory and inhibitory systems in human body are responsible for controlling cell division. Cancer is monoclonal and for a normal cell to change its â€Å"phenotype† into a â€Å"neoplastic† cell, it has to undergo genetic mutation and these mutations will cause cancer. Carcinogenesis occurs in three stages: initiation, promotion and progression. Malignant transformation occurs at progression step and implies the ability to attack surrounding tissues to spread cancer. DNA damage is one of the main causes of cancer. It can arise from prolong exposure to exogenous agents. Cancer research has generated a rich and complex body of cognition, bring outing cancer to be a disease involving dynamic changes in the genome after a fourth part century of rapid advances. Two types of cancer genes has be outlined in the discovery of mutation, 1st that â€Å"oncogenes with dominant gain of function† and 2nd â€Å"tumor suppressor genes with recessive loss of function†. Both were identified through changes in human and animal cancer cells and by experimental models on the their cancer phenotypes. That tumorigenesis in human beings is a multistep process and that these staircase reflect genetic alterations that drive the progressive transformation of normal human cells into highly malignant derivatives. Cultured cells transform is a multistep process, it was observed that rodent cells show tumorigenic activity after being introduced to a minimum two genetic changes, whereas human cells are more complicate to transform. It has been established by transge nic models of tumorigenesis that tumorigenesis in mice process over multiple rate-limiting steps. In cancer cell genotype, malignant growth consist of six crucial modifications in cell physiology (Figure); self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis), insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (antigrowth) signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis and tissue invasion and metastasis. Tumor development goes through physiological changes to ensure the anticancer defence mechanism is successfully breached into cells and tissues. These six physiological changes are said to be shared in almost all types of human tumors. Microtubules are new and improved cytotoxic anticancer inhibitors, used in the treatment of different types of cancer. They can attack a cancer cell as a single agent or as combined regiments. â€Å"Microtubule-interacting agents† are of two types, one acts by inhibiting the transformation of tubulin heterodimer into microtubule polymers (â€Å"tubulin polymerisation inhibitors†) and other acts as stabilizing agent, it stabilizes the microtubule under normal destabilize conditions (â€Å"microtubule stabilizers†). Vincristine and Vinblastine agents are used for tubulin polymerization inhibitor. They were approved by FDA in 1963 and 1965. The 1st agent to use as microtubule-stabilizing agent was paclitaxel (or taxol) and was approved by FDA in 1992 and then semi-synthetic analog docetaxel in 1996. The use of microtubule-stabilizing agents as anticancer drugs has made a significant advance in cancer treatment. Taxol is a complex diterpene. Wall, Wani and co-workers were the first to isolate it from the bar of the pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia Nutt in 1971. The compound showed excellent in vivo antitumor activity in nude mice experiment modelled as human tumour, which initiated the preclinical formulation and studies on Taxol toxicity in 1977 by NCI (National Cancer Institute). Susan Horwitz and co-workers were the 1st to identify the microtubule-stabilising properties of Taxol. They also identified the mechanism of action of taxol which stabilises the cellular microtubules is distinct from other compounds. Since 1995 many more natural products which share same properties as taxol i.e. depolymerisation of microtubules has been discovered. Cellular targets of microtubules-stabilizing agents consist of hollow filaments of ca.240 Ã… diameter, they are made of 55 kD proteins ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²-tubulin as an important subunit. Cytoskeleton consists of actin polymers and intermediate filaments, however microtubules are one of the essential components and responsible for various cellular functions, such as maintenance of cell shape, its development and motility, intracellular transport of vesicles. Cellular microtubules are made of 13 protofliaments â€Å"(i.e. linear polymer with head-to-tail arrangement of ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²-tubulin subunits)† There are possibilities structures with different protofilaments number, however only the structure with 13 protofilaments can align ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²-tubulin parallel along with the axis of microtubules cylinder and this can cellular transport by motor proteins over a long distance. Microtubules has the ability to shorten and lengthen its length by adding or losing ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ² tubulin from microtubule ends, and this known as â€Å"dynamic instability†. The dynamic properties of the microtubules are responsible for proper assembly of the mitotic spindle and the sister chromatids movement to the spindle poles. The spindle microtubules are 4-100 folds more dynamic as compare to the one’s forming interphase cytoskeleton. As mentioned above microtubule-interacting agents are of two types, one inhibits the microtubule polymerisation or destabilise the microtubules which already exists â€Å"(such as Vinca alkaloids or colchicines)† and other stabilise microtubules under destabilising conditions. Both types of agents would lead intense cell cycle arrest in mitosis at cellular level and would bring death that cell through apoptpsis. According to the research done by Horwitz and co-workers it is established that if a human cancer cell is treated with low concentration of microtubule-stabilising drugs, this will lead to abnormal mitosis formation, followed by the cell cycle arrest in G1 and eventually apoptosis will take place in arrested G1 state. However if high concentration of drug is used against human cancer cell, it will cause a prolong mitotic block and cells will exit without multiplying, as a result formation of tetraploid G1 cells will take place, which then leads to cell apoptosis. This can be established from the these results that it is a fundamental requirement for the cells to go through mitosis to achieve apoptosis by microtubule-stabilizing agents. For anticancer drugs, the cellular response to MSA’s can be modify due to changes occur in the cells and can lead to drug resistance or cell may be inherently acquired resistance against the effects of growth inhibitors due to the resistance protein. Drug efflux by ABC transporters such as the phosphoglycp-protein (P-gp), is one of the most often drug resistance observed in the cancer cells. Introduction of taxol was given above, now we will look at in more detail. Taxol showed excellent in vivo antitumor activity in nude mice experiment modelled as human tumour, which initiated the preclinical formulation and studies on Taxol toxicity in 1977 by NCI (National Cancer Institute). Susan Horwitz and co-workers were the 1st to identify the microtubule-stabilising properties of Taxol. They also identified the mechanism of action of taxol which stabilises the cellular microtubules is distinct from other compounds. Anticancer drugs from taxol are used widely to treat different types of cancer such as ovarian, breast and non-small cell lungs cancer. It can be used on its own, monotherapy or combined with cis-platin. Taxol has very low stability and formulation difficulties, however one of the major issue in it development is its low availability from natural sources.

Contributions of the Arrow Debreu model to financial theory

Contributions of the Arrow Debreu model to financial theory According to Elroy Dimson and Massoud Mussavian (1999), Arrow-Debreu model was developed as a model of general equilibrium that has been fundamental to economics and finance. Compared to earlier models, the Arrow-Debreu model basically generalized the notion of a commodity, differentiating commodities by time and place of delivery. For example, apples in Malaysia in July and apples in Singapore in June are considered as different commodities. Kenneth J. Arrow (1951) and Gerard Debreu (1951) work together to produce the first rigorous proof of the existence of a market clearing equilibrium, given certain restrictive assumptions. This field of research has had a profound impact not only on economic science, but also on financial markets, institutions and businesses all over the world. It often used as a general reference for other microeconomic models. As Ramu Gopalan (2008) stated, the pioneering work of Arrow and Debreu has had an enduring effect on the study of financial aspects of the economy in a general equilibrium framework. One of their key contributions is to introduce time and uncertainty into general equilibrium models. The Arrow-Debreu model was established since 1950s, many researchers had extended this model to both economics and financial economics. Although this model is criticized by various eminent economists, the dedication of this model in the history is indestructible. In this assignment, we are going to discuss the applications of Arrow-Debreu model majoring in the financial economics. The purpose of this assignment is to find out and understand more about the contributions of this model to financial theory. The applications of Arrow-Debreu model will be listed out and discussed further. Journals will be shown and summarized out in order to support our discussion. Finally, the last section in this assignment is the conclusion. 2.0 Background studies In this assignment, the applications of Arrow-Debreu model in financial economics will be discussed. But before that we have to know what the Arrow-Debreu model is. 2.1 Arrow-Debreu Model Arrow-Debreu model, also referred as Arrow-Debreu-McKenzie model (ADM model), is the fundamental model used in the General (Economic) Equilibrium Theory. It is named after its originator who are Kenneth J. Arrow (b. 1921) and Gerard Debreu (1921-2004) on Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy as well as Lionel W. McKenzie (b. 1919). As what stated in the Farlex Financial Dictionary (2009), it says that this model is one of the most general models of competitive economy and is a crucial part of general equilibrium theory, as it can be used to prove the existence of general equilibrium (or Walrasian equilibrium) of an economy. Once we can prove the existence of such an equilibrium, it is possible to show that it is unique under certain conditions, but not in general. Furthermore, Arrow went on to extend the model to deal with the issues relating to uncertainty, stability of the equilibrium, and whether a competitive equilibrium is efficient. 2.2 Applications of Arrow-Debreu Model Arrow-Debreu model leads to a huge impact on economics and financial economics. First of all, it solves the long-standing problem of proving the existence of equilibrium in a Walrasian (competitive) system. This model analyzes the exact situations of those markets that are very competitive. In economics, Arrow-Debreu model suggests that a set of prices such as aggregate supplies will equal to aggregate demands for every commodity under certain assumptions made about the economic conditions (i.e. perfect competition and demand independence). Formulated in a purely mathematical form, the Arrow-Debreu model can be easily modified into spatial or intertemporal models with proper definition of the commodities based on the commoditys location or time of delivery. When commodities are specified to be conditional on various states of the world, the Arrow-Debreu model can easily combine expectation and uncertainty into the analysis. Besides, theoretical extensions and applications have been made to analyze financial and monetary markets and international trade, as well as other subjects. With a general equilibrium structure, the model is applicable in evaluating the overall impact on resource allocation of policy changes in areas such as taxation, tariff, and price control. Moreover, it applies to all general equilibrium models that are heavily dependent upon accurate mathematical proofs. In the field of financial economics, Arrow Debreu represents a certain kind of securities product which named as Arrow-Debreu security. This distinguished concept is a good teaching tool to understand the pricing and hedging issues in derivatives analysis. On the other hand, the Arrow-Debreu Model is also used in areas like financial engineering. But it has turned out to be very limited, especially in the multi-period or continuous markets. The model has been subject to the criticism that many of the assumptions it makes do not fit the workings of the real economy. However, the truth is that the Arrow-Debreu Model is very important for the derivative industry and helps the industry to grow at a rapid pace. 3.0 Literature Review In previous section, we have mentioned some applications of the Arrow-Debreu model both in the field of economics and financial economics. Now, the applications of this model majoring in financial economics will be discussed further. The functions of Arrow-Debreu model can be divided into six categories, asset pricing model, equity risk premium, corporate finance, Modigliani and Miller Theorem, Arrow-Debreu security and others. 3.1 Asset-pricing model From the studies, most of the Arrow-Debreu models applications are commonly used in shaping the asset-pricing model. Arrow-Debreu model was acted as an origin which gives the insight that consumption in different future states could simply view as different consumption goods according to Elroy and Massoud (1999). This result is proved and can be seen through various researchers journals. It is undeniable that the Arrow-Debreu model plays an important role in constructing the asset-pricing model. The evidences are given in following paragraphs. Based on the journal of Asset Pricing at Millennium written by John Y. Campbell (2000), he stated that theoretical and empirical developments in asset-pricing has taken place within a well establish paradigm for the last twenty years. While the well establish paradigm that he mentioned here is referred to the Arrow-Debreu model. Same as Franklin Allen (2001), he indicated that asset-pricing models are typically special cases of neoclassical Arrow-Debreu model. In the traditional Arrow-Debreu model of resource allocation, firms and households interact through markets and financial intermediaries play no role. On the other hand, the key element of the analysis in the modern version is the stochastic discount factor, which incorporates the Arrow-Debreu state prices and allows the assets to be priced. He also commented that this approach and the focus on the risk-return trade-off have allowed a rich interplay between the empirical and theoretical work. The equity premium puzzle is given as an example of special cases within the Arrow-Debreu framework in order to support his statement. Moreover, Elroy and Massoud (1999) narrated the historical development of asset pricing and derivative valuation on Three Centuries of Asst Pricing. He pointed out the success of conceptual framework that setting up the theory of asset pricing is down to Arrow (1953)s hard work. Dissatisfied with the current Arrow-Debreu framework, Arrow built up a series of contingent claims that follow the resolution of uncertainty to explain how one can achieve markets that are almost complete. Varian (1985) analyzed the impact of divergence of opinion on asset prices in an Arrow-Debreu economy. By considering the Arrow-Debreu model with agents who have different subjective probabilities, he compares and concludes the differences of opinion in an Arrow-Debreu contingent claim context. Based on his journal Divergence of Opinion in Complete Markets: A Note, three results were established. He concluded that in practice, increased dispersion of beliefs will generally be associated with the reduced asset prices in a given Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. Also, he uses this model to show that other things equal, if risk aversion does not decrease too rapidly, then assets with more dispersed opinion will have lower prices or vice versa. P. Bossaerts and C. Plott (2004) had done six financial markets experiments of testing two of the most basic propositions of modern asset pricing theory. The Arrow-Debreu model and the Sharpe-Lintner-Mossin Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), these two theoretical models are used to be the framework of their experiments. In the end of their experiments, they discovered a swift convergence towards equilibrium prices of Arrow-Debreu model or the CAPM. This discovery is significant because they use the subjects that lacked of information to intentionally set the asset prices. Sometimes, the equilibrium is not found to be robust which clearly shows a result of deviations of subjective beliefs from objective probabilities. However, they still find the evidences that prove this does not destroy the tendency for markets to equilibrate as predicted by the theory. 3.2 Equity Risk Premium Next, the Arrow-Debreu model is applied to explain the equity risk premium. In an attempt to explain the equity risk premium, Rajnish Mehra and Edward C. Prescott (1985) developed an Arrow-Debreu asset pricing model. They found that historically the average return on equity has far exceeded the average return on short-term debt and Treasury bills. Thus, they try to use the Arrow-Debreu model to interpret this situation. In the end of the journal The Equity Premium: A Puzzle, they concluded that only those equilibrium model with friction (i.e. non-Arrow-Debreu models) will be the one that successfully explain both high equity risk premium and low risk-free returns. However, Rietz (1988) overthrew the conclusion of Mehra and Prescott (1985) in The Equity Risk Premium: A Puzzle. He mentioned that the reason for them to reject the Arrow-Debreu model is their specifications which cannot explain the high equity risk premium and low risk free returns that characterize the U.S. economy. Hence, he re-specified their model to include a low-probability, depression from a high return of compensation for the extreme losses during the market crashes, captured those possible effects from the market crashes and finally successfully proved that these crashes allow it to explain both high equity risk premium and low risk free returns without abounding the Arrow-Debreu paradigm as well as not altering their models attractive features. In the journal The Equity Risk Premium: A Solution, he explained further that it does so with reasonable degrees of time preference and risk aversion provided the crashes are apparently severe and not too unimaginable. 3.3 Corporate Finance According to Jean Tirole (2006), he specified that a substantial and important body of empirical work has provided a clearer picture of patterns of corporate financing and governance, and of their impact for firm behaviour and macroeconomic activity. One of them is the Arrow-Debreu model. During 1970s, the dominant Arrow-Debreu model of frictionless markets (presumed perfectly competitive and complete, unhampered by taxes, transaction costs, as well as informational irregularity) can prove to be a powerful tool for analyzing the pricing of claims in financial markets, but little about the firms financial choices and about their governance. Besides, in the complete market paradigm of Arrow (1951) and Debreu (1951), the financial claims returns depend on some choices such as investments, are assumed to be contractible and therefore are not affected by moral hazard. In Jean (2006)s opinion, financial markets were not plagued by problems of asymmetric information because investors agree on the distribution of a claims returns. Viewed through the Arrow-Debreu lens, he identified that the key issues for financial economists are the allocation of risk among investors and the pricing of redundant claims by arbitrage. Michael J. Brennan (1995) also clarified that the abstract simplicity of the Arrow-Debreu model yields few insights for corporate finance beyond the value additivity principle that was used to refute the conventional wisdom that conglomerate mergers will add value to the company through the corporate diversification. 3.4 Modigliani and Miller Theorem (M-M Theorem) Another application of Arrow-Debreu model is related to M-M theorem which devised by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (1958). This theorem explains that a firms financial structure is irrelevant under certain conditions, Arrow-Debreu environment. The value of a financial claim or a firm which equal to the sum of the values of the claims it issues is thus equal to the value of the random return of this claim or the firm computed at the Arrow-Debreu prices (the prices of state-contingent securities). Therefore, Arrow-Debreu model is used as a fundamental of economy in formulating M-M theorem. 3.5 Arrow-Debreu Security (State Contingent Claim) Mostly, Arrow-Debreu security will be the answer of the applications of this model majoring in financial economics if we searching it through the internet. Based on the journal A re-examination of the Modigliani-Miller theorem written by Joseph E. Stiglitz (1969), in a section entitled Arrow-Debreu securities, he not only showed the M-M theorem in a complete markets setting but also mentioned about the Arrow-Debreu model under uncertainty in which individual can buy or sell the promises to pay if a given state of the world occurs. This shows a direct relationship between the Arrow-Debreu model and the Arrow-Debreu security. Through the calculation, he observed that if he takes literally the Arrow-Debreu definition of a state of nature, there is undoubtedly will be more states of nature than firms and most of these states are similar with each other. An example, variation in the return on stocks can be explained by the business cycle, is given to support his statement. Robert E. Lucas (1984) analyzed the unified theories of money and finance on Money in the Theory of Finance. He examined and commented that financial and monetary theory have different objective, however, the desirable theoretical unity may be, one can identify strong forces that will continue to pull apart these two bodies of theory. He mentioned that the theory of finance is conducted almost entirely within the Arrow-Debreu contingent claim framework such as the three pillars of modern financial theory which have been reformulated in contingent claim terms. Besides, he wrote that the applications of the Arrow-Debreu contingent claim formulation of a competitive equilibrium for an economy operating through time is subjected to stochastic shocks. In the end, he concluded that the power in applications of the contingent claim point of view is obviously evident in finance, will be as usefully applied to monetary theory. One more thing that he suggested is the source of this power which is the ability of this framework to permit the reduction of the study of asset demands to the study of demands for the more fundamental attributes to which assets are claims. 3.6 Others Apart from those above categories, Arrow-Debreu Models can be used for other purpose. For instance, it acts as a fundamental to explain the pattern of trade, to formulate the fixed price equilibrium or to find out whether the financial markets are arrangements for risk-sharing. Furthermore, it is extended further to analyze the restrictions and developed further that include a sequential market model with the financial markets. One of the section in the journal Differences of opinion in financial markets written by Hal R. Varian (1989), an Arrow-Debreu contingent consumption model of the sort studied by Milgrom and Stokey (1982) was examined. Through the mathematical calculation and the analysis of the consequences for assets market equilibrium based on the Arrow-Debreu model, it ends with a similar result, prices are determined by information, but the pattern of trade is determined by differences in opinion. In order to establish the important difference for trade is the opinion, he analyzed some of its consequences for assets market equilibrium. At last, he stressed that the volume of trade in an Arrow-Debreu model is due primarily to the differences of opinion. Next is the Claus Weddepohl (1983). He discussed and addressed the development of the theory of general equilibrium during the last twenty-five years. Considering and analyzing the Arrow-Debreu model with futures markets, he showed the result that this model gives rise to temporary equilibrium models. He stated that the fixed price equilibrium models are formulated through the study of these models and the study of the stability of price adjustments. The simple fixed price equilibrium model as defined by Barro and Grossman (1971) and Malinvaud (1977) is what he emphasized in the journal Developments in the Theory of General Equilibrium. Ouattara (1994) applied the Arrow-Debreu model to the small villages in the McCarthy Island Division South (MID-South) of The Gambia to find out whether financial markets are arrangements for risk-sharing. The main objective of risk-sharing is to verify that observed consumption patterns are consistent with patterns predicted by insurance models. The Arrow-Debreu full insurance model focuses on consumption smoothing across different states of nature at each particular point in time through state-contingent contracts. In the end of his research, the results supported the hypothesis that state-contingent loans are accepted in rural Gambia and there is full risk-sharing among participants in the financial markets. Peter H. Friesen (1979) extended the Arrow-Debreu model to financial markets which include the sequential market model. It is done by dropping the contingent contracts from the Arrow Debreu model, leaving only a sequence of spot markets for commodities. This leads to an inefficient market structure but efficient for sequence of stock markets and option markets. The purpose of the journal The Arrow-Debreu Model Extended to Financial Markets is to develop further the Arrow-Debreu model. The method that he used is through the extension of Arrow (an equilibrium in one model was constructed from that of another). For example, financial securities, Arrow certificates can be constructed from options on common stock and the advantage in the general equilibrium theory of financial markets, are the proofs of using Arrows method. On the other hand, the sequential market model for which equilibrium are constructed from the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium derived in Debreu (1951). From the fact that Arrow-Debreu equilibrium exist, it follows by construction that equilibrium for this model exists. It also follows that the equilibrium is efficient. Peter (1979) stressed that such models are used both to study financial markets and to explore the effects of a gradual resolution of uncertainty. Lastly, he concluded that it not only shows the close relationship between these two models but also reminds us that the potential value of finite-horizon Arrow-Debreu models for the study of sequential economies. Investors in financial markets face several restrictions apart from wealth constraints. So, we have the right to understand the restrictions in a general competitive equilibrium. Based on the journal Contributions to Intertemporal Models in Financial Economics written by Ramu Gopala (2008), the Arrow-Debreu model was extended further for the usage of analyzing those restrictions. He indicated that the traditional Arrow-Debreu model can be extended to a more realistic setting. Following Angeloni and Cornet (2006), this extension of the Arrow-Debreu model in the multi-period setting with restricted participation is established. Arrow-Debreu model was used to elaborate, to compare, to extend and to emerge for shaping those important finance theories. 4.0 Supporting Theories In this section, the theories that are related to Arrow-Debreu model will be further discussed. Apart from that, in order to let us have a more complete picture about this model, the theories that we displayed previously will also be stated and explained, as well as deliberated further. 4.1 General Equilibrium Theory General equilibrium theory is the core of economic theory. Before the Arrow-Debreu model is established, this theory has been proposed by L. Walras (1874). As reported by Arrow and Debreu (1954), he was the one who first formulated the state of economic system at any point of time as the solution of a system of simultaneous equations representing the demand for goods by consumers, the supply of goods by producers, and the equilibrium condition that supply equal demand on every market. In other words, Walras (1874) is the pioneer who first attempts to model the price for a whole economy. Walras uses mathematics to construct a complete structure of general equilibrium theory. This research has lead to results in contribution to neoclassical economics. However, the mathematics that he used to set up the foundation of this theory was unstable due to the existence of general equilibrium does not solved in a satisfactory manner. Hence, theoretically, if he cannot prove this existence, then this theoretical system will become meaningless. General equilibrium theory is therefore developed and improved by Vilfredo Pareto (1897), John R. Hicks (1939), John Von Neumann (1937), Paul A. Samuelson (1941), Kenneth J. Arrow (1954), Gerard Debreu (1954), Lionel W. McKenzie (1954) and others, which becomes an integral part of economics. 4.2 Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics Before the Arrow and Debreu began their famous collaboration, both of them had proved the same theorem which is the Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics or First and Second Welfare Theorems. There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first theorem states that every general equilibrium involves a Pareto efficient allocation of resources under the three assumptions. The three assumptions are if there are no externalities, all agents are price-taker, and prices for each good are known to each agent. While the Pareto efficient named after Vilfredo Pareto (1897), is a type of efficiency that results if one person cannot be made better off without making someone else worse off. The First Welfare Theorem is viewed by many economists as the formalization of Smiths Invisible Hand. As Makowski and Ostroy (1995) stated, it provided a set of sufficient conditions for a price system to efficiently coordinate the economic activity. Besides, this theorem supports the case for non-intervention in ideal conditions. For instance, the outcome is said to be Pareto efficient if we let the markets to do the work. The Second Welfare Theorem says that if preferences are well-behaved (especially convex) then every Pareto efficient allocation can be supported by a general equilibrium set of prices, given a suitable reallocation of the endowment. Referring to Varian (1985), this theorem effectively said that if you think an equilibrium is unfair, just move the endowment of the economy and a different general equilibrium will be obtained. Due to the convexity, the second theorem is stronger than the first theorem. The difference between these two theorems is the second theorem requires existence of general equilibrium from all endowment points, whereas the first theorem required only that if a general equilibrium existed it was efficient. According to Michael A. S. Guth (1994), Arrow (1951) provided a rigorous proof of the connection between competitive equilibrium and Pareto optimal. Gerard Debreu (1951) introduced convex analysis methods into welfare theory and independently proved the same theorems. As a result, these theorems have an important relation to Arrow-Debreu model; the existence of solutions to a competitive equilibrium is finally solved. 4. 3 Theories in relation to the Restriction of General Competitive Equilibrium Previously, the Arrow-Debreu model was used to analyze the restrictions. In order to understand those restrictions in the general competitive equilibrium framework, tracing back those following theories is necessary for us to know how the Arrow-Debreu model was used to be compared and proved other economic theory. 4.3.1 Radner Equilibrium Roy Radner said that the Arrow-Debreu model is not originally put forward for the case of uncertainty, but a powerful device introduced by Arrow (1953), and further elaborated by Debreu (1953), enabled the theory to be reinterpreted to cover the case of uncertainty about the availability of resources and about consumption and production possibilities. Hence, he extends the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium and forms an economic concept-Radner Equilibrium. Radner (1972) is the first who considers the general equilibrium with incomplete markets. He shows that unlike the Arrow-Debreu models, the possibility of trading commodity futures for every contingency is sufficient to enable income transfers across all spots. In addition, the assumption that he made, short-sales of these contracts are limited for every agent, is a driving force in his proof of the existence of a general financial equilibrium. This can be seen as the first attempt to incorporate this idea in their asset market participation. 4.3.2 Concept of Constrained Pareto Optimality Radner Equilibrium, however, is imperfect. Oliver D. Hart (1975) uses some disturbing but perceptive counter-examples to display some of the weaknesses of Radners concept of equilibrium. He showed that existence of such an equilibrium cannot be proved under the standard Arrow-Debreu assumptions. He specified that when the asset returns are price dependent, the market sub-space may not be continuous in the spot prices which may lead to discontinuous demand functions. This reason causes a failure of the existence of Radner equilibrium. In other words, an equilibrium may not be Pareto efficient in the case of incomplete markets which shapes the concept of Constrained Pareto Optimality. 4.4 Limitations of Arrow-Debreu Model Although the Arrow-Debreu model has many influences on either economics or finance, however, there are the limitations. There are three limitations of Arrow-Debreu model. In this model, it excludes the trade in shares of firms because the stock certificate is not an Arrow-Debreu commodity. When the descriptions are so precise that further refinements cannot yield imaginable allocations which increase the satisfaction of the agents in the economy, then the commodities are called Arrow-Debreu commodity. Trading in shares of firms cannot be classified as Arrow-Debreu commodity due to its possession entitles the owner to additional commodity which he need not obtain through exchange. Bankruptcy is not allowed in Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. All agents must meet their budget constraints. In a game theoretic formulation of equilibrium, it is achieved by enforcing an infinite bankruptcy penalty. Since every Arrow-Debreu equilibrium is Pareto efficient, there would be no benefit in reducing the bankruptcy penalty to the point where someone might choose to go bankrupt. Money does not appear in this model. Although the reasons for the existence of money in real life are already taken care of in the Arrow-Debreu model, money does not affect the allocations of commodities. Therefore, there is no point in making the role of money explicit in the Arrow-Debreu model. 5.0 Conclusion In fact, Arrow-Debreu model is not simultaneously created by K.J. Arrow and Gerard Debreu. Debreu is the one who extends further the Arrows pure exchange model in several important ways. Their contribution in formulating Arrow-Debreu model has laid a foundation for economic theory. The application of Arrow-Debreu model emphasizes more on the general competitive equilibrium framework of the economics. From the studies, we notice that most of its application majoring in the financial economics is act as a fundamental theory or economy in shaping the asset pricing model. Other functions like analyzing the market structure, risk and etc, also show that the usefulness of this model. Besides, it is applicable in evaluating the impact of all uncertainties with a general equilibrium structure. The analyzers use a series of mathematical equation to prove their statements. The pioneering contributions of Arrow and Debreu have forever changed the way economic theorists formulate uncertainty models.   After more than forty years of analysis and extensions, their general equilibrium framework and approach continues to be the starting point for new theories on the operation of competitive markets under uncertainty. As a conclusion, it is undeniable that the Arrow-Debreu model had turn on a new leaf in the history of economics. It is the modern concept of general equilibrium in economics which indirectly set up several important theories. Nothing is perfect in this world. Of course, Arrow-Debreu model as well. Some assumptions have to be made. Criticism also may happen. However, those brilliant economists or researchers still can use this model to formulate their own theory and then ends up with a perfect ultimate theory in both economics and finance. Lastly, mistakes, problems, and weaknesses should be pointed out, corrected and improved so that Arrow-Debreu model can be applied and developed effectively.

Child development research :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article entitled An Analysis of Schema Theory and Learning Theory as Explanations for Variance in Adolescent Adjustment to Divorce is a research done with adolescents to see how well a child and his or her parents adjust to divorce. The researchers are trying to find a way to help children deal with divorce. The researchers are trying to see if there is a connection between a child?s age and their sex that affects the way they adjust to divorce. After trying to see if these two factors are connected, researchers then also study to see if a child?s relationships with his or her parents also have a role in the child?s adjustment. This research was done to help understand if schema theory had something to do with the children?s adjustment when it came to divorce. With all the possibilities, the researchers wanted to narrow it down using the schema theory. The schema theory is said to be a way of thinking, and not wanting to change what you know.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another article entitled Assessments of Trust in Intimate Relationships and the Self Perception Process is about trust and how every health human relationship should have it. This article tells about how trust is what gets two people to work together, side by side, and help make their bond stronger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holmes and Rempel looked at the different issues people had with trusting their partner. The participants had to go through a couple of different tests to see how trust issues interfered with the relationships they shared. This research goes over how an individual gains trust and how certain factors can affect it. An individual?s personal experiences could even affect a relationship they share. They may have gotten traumatized before. This also shows how one person in a relationship trusts their partner, and then how another set of participants in another relationship have problems. Article 1: Abstract An Analysis of Schema Theory and Learning Theory as Explanations for Variance in Adolescent Adjustment to Divorce Learning theory and schema theory were used as different reasons for how adolescents deal with divorce. Different types of questionnaires were given to children by the students at Stellenbosch University. The adolescents who participated in the study took Antonovsky?s Life Orientation Questionnaire, Hudson?s CAM and CAF questionnaires, a bunch of questions that measured how the adolescents felt about divorce, and questions about the adolescent?s life. The schema theory was not found as the main reason, the results stated very little proof of the way an adolescent acted as being the means by which the adolescent dealt with his or her relationship with its parents, or the how the child adjusted to the divorce.

Dual Executive :: essays research papers

Dual Executive/President   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of an elective head of state for the American chief executive, in its conception, was virtually without precedent. The idea of an American dual presidency, split between domestic and foreign arenas is itself without precedent. A dual presidency would suit America well due to the pressures of the office of President of the United States. As Commander-in-Chief, the President bears incredible pressures and responsibilities. The President not only has power in the United States, but also tremendous influence throughout the world. It is not arrogant to change the presidency in order to manage America's vast interests all over the globe. The US is certainly not isolationistic anymore, so creating an office for a foreign affairs executive is simply realistic. Thus, the President is not only torn between domestic and foreign responsibilities, but s/he must find time to campaign. A dual presidency with a domestic and foreign leader could divide these campaigning duties. In addition, a dual presidency is better adapted to handle simultaneous crises. A dual presidency is a modern day answer to the realities of the American presidency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Essentially, the idea of a dual executive is rooted in the concept of a plural executive. Back in the time of the writing of the Constitution, some anti-federalists wanted a weak executive. This weak executive was called a plural executive or an executive council. (Storing 49) The purpose of such a plural executive was not only to weaken the executive, but also to prevent a monarchy from ruling. In fact, an anti-federalist named Randolph opposed an executive-of-one so much that he believed it to be the â€Å"foetus (fetus) of the monarchy.†(Storing 93) Yet today the threat of monarchy is laughable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The proposed dual executive has no intentions of weakening that branch. Rather, a dual executive makes the branch more efficient, focused, and in touch. `Plural' is not a fitting term for the dual executive. This is because a plural executive implies several office holders, or a committee. The more people, the more chaos and disunity occurs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 70th chapter of The Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton made a case for an executive with a great deal of unity. If power was concentrated in a single chief magistrate, then the branch would be more cohesive. Hamilton relied on the failures of plural executive in the history of Rome and Greece to make a case against executive councils.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some may argue that by dividing the executive office, it saps the energy and vigor required of the job. Inversely, it can be argued that the President has so much to do that his energy is weakened by simply being spread too thin.